Viral infections gastroenteritis

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of pediatric patients include abnormal gait, aggressive reaction, anorexia, ataxia, confusion, constipation, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, dizziness, epistaxis, fatigue, gastroenteritis, hyperkinesia, increased saliva, injury, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, personality disorder (behavior problems), pneumonia, psychomotor slowing, purpura, skin disorder, somnolence, speech disorders/related speech problems, urinary incontinence, viral infection, weight decrease. 

This chapter describes the basic characteristics of viruses and the relatively limited number of drugs that can act selectively as antiviral agents. Methods of preventing viral infections (antiviral vaccines) are also briefly discussed. Finally, the current methods of treating a specific viral-induced disease—AIDS—are presented. Rehabilitation specialists often treat patients who are in the active stages of a viral infection, as well as those suffering from the sequelae of viral disorders, such as gastroenteritis, encephalitis, and influenza. Hence, the pharmacotherapeutic treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections should concern physical therapists and occupational therapists. 

Acute abdominal pain is a common complaint in the pediatric age group. A total of 10% of school-age children have recurrent abdominal pain and in only 10% of these children can etiology be detected. The majority of these children have self-limited disease. The most common associated conditions include upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis, viral syndrome, gastroenteritis, and constipation (Henderson et al. 1992). Therefore, it is uncommon for the underlying condition in these children to require surgical intervention. 

Evans, M. R., Meldrum, R., Lane, W., Gardner, D., Ribeiro, C. D., Gallimore, C. L, and Westmoreland, D. (2002). An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. Epidemiol. Infect. 129, 355-360. 

Vivancos, R., Sundkvist, T., Barker, D., Burton, J., and Nair, P. (2010b). Effect of exclusion policy on the control of outbreaks of suspected viral gastroenteritis Analysis of outbreak investigations in care homes. Am. ]. Infect. Control 38,139-143. 

Werber, D., Lausevic, D., Mugosa, B., Vratnica, Z., Ivanovic-Nikolic, L., Zizic, L., Alexandre-Bird, A., Fiore, L., Ruggeri, F. M., Di Bartolo, I., Battistone, A., Gassilloud, B., et al. (2009). Massive outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of municipal drinking water in a European capital dty. Epidemiol. Infect. 137,1713-1720. 

Clark B, McKendrick M. A review of viral gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004 17 461-469. 

The spectrum of gastrointestinal tract infections (GTI) cover a wide spectrum from asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori gastritis to self-limiting viral gastroenteritis to food poisoning to bacterial enterocolitis to antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis to typhoid fever with sepsis and multi-organ failure. 

In adults, about 70% of those with acute HAV infection develop jaundice much more commonly than with HBV or HCV. In children, acute HAV infection typically goes unrecognized and is often considered to be a viral gastroenteritis or other viral disease, since only 10% of children become jaundiced. The disease is more prolonged and serious in individuals over age 50. The specific etiological diagnosis is made with serological tests. An IgM antibody (anti-HAV IgM) appears early in the course of illness and persists for an... 

Secondary lactose intolerance may occur as a result of reduced enzyme activity following diffuse intestinal damage from infections (giardiasis, bacterial overgrowth, or viral gastroenteritis), ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, and tropical sprue. This deficiency is usually reversible following recovery from the disorder. 

Bresee JS, Widdowson MA, Monroe SS, et al. Food-borne viral gastroenteritis Challenges and opportunities. Clin Infect Dis 2002 35 748-753. 

Gastroenteritis infection with non-typhoidal salmonella often results in gastroenteritis indistinguishable from that caused by other bacterial or viral pathogens. It is usually self-limited, and fever and diarrhoea resolve within 3 and 7 days, respectively. In a minority of patients (<5%), particularly neonates, infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients, carriage of the pathogen and/or a bacteraemia is prolonged with endovascular or localised (intraabdominal, central nervous system, pulmonary) infections. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Occupational lung diseases Gastroenteritis Worm infestation Dyspepsia / ulcer Enteric fever Acute viral hepatitis Chronic liver diseases Skin infections Scabies Eczemas... 

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and protozoa. They do not have a cell structure, but consist of bundles of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of protein. To reproduce, they must infect cells of other organisms and use the metabolic machinery of these cells to increase their own numbers. Viruses responsible for a number of diseases are thought to be spread by water. It is believed that poliomyelitis and viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver accompanied by jaundice) can be spread by waterborne virus. Viruses of the rotavirus group are probably responsible for most waterborne viral gastroenteritis ailments. 

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