Vinylation sulfonic acids

Vinyl phosphonic acid N-Vinylpyrrolidone Vinyl sulfonic acid... 

Figure 17-8. Monomers for synthetic thickeners vinyl phosphonic acid, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, vinyl sulfonic acid.

Copolymers of Acrylic Acid and Vinyl Sulfonic Acid... 

Fig. 6.6. Effect of ammonium sulfate concentration in the polymerization mixture on morphology of a monolithic CEC column prepared from a solution of piperazine diacrylate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and vinyl sulfonic acid (52% C, 29% T) in 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer pH 7. Ammonium sulfate concentration 0 (1), 20 (2), and 120 mg/mL (3). (Reprinted with permission of authors from [32]).

Jen, S. C. D., and Pinto, N. G. (1990). Use of the sodium salt of poly(vinyl) sulfonic acid as a low molecular weight displacer for protein separations by ion-exchange displacement chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 519, 87-98. 

Synthetic polyelectiolytes as models for enzymes have been reported recently The hydrolysis of dextrin in the presence of copolymers of vinyl alcohol and vinyl-sulfonic acid has been found to increase with increasing content of vinyl alcohol in the copolymers ... 

The reaction of simple olefins with S03 and S03 complexes and derivatives has been demonstrated to yield allylic and vinylic sulfonic acids, hydroxysulfonic acids, and other neutral products (10). The product distribution is a function of olefin type, sulfonation reagent, solvent, and reaction conditions. 

H.I. Kim, S.J. Park, and S.J. Kim, Volume behavior of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of polyacrylic acid-co-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/polyaniline as an actuator, Smart Mater. Struct., 15 (6), 1882-1886 (2006). 

Polyelectrolytes may be polyacids, polybases, or polyampholytes. They dissociate into polyions and oppositely charged gegenions. Polyacids release protons on dissociation and become, then, polyanions. Poly(phosphoric acid), I, is an example of a polyacid with a dissociating group in the main chain examples of polyacids with the dissociating group as substituent to the main chain include poly(vinyl phosphonic acid), 11 poly(vinyl sulfuric acid), III poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), IV and poly(vinyl carboxylic acid) = poly-(acrylic acid), V, with the monomeric units... 

A. Sand, M. Yadav, K. Behari, Synthesis and characterization of alginate-g-vinyl sulfonic acid with a potassium psoxydiphosphate/ thiourea system, J. Appl. Polym. Sd. 118 (6) (2010) 3685—3694. 

Vinyl sulfonic acid 4.52 0.22 60 ZnCb/water solution... 

Ion-permeable membranes are also made by swelling existing films with styrene and DVB, which can then be post-treated to add functional groups, or by grafting of ion-exchange functional groups directly onto the polymer matrix of existing films. For example, free radicals formed by radiation of polyethylene or fluoropolymer films become sites for addition of vinyl sulfonic acid, acrylic acid or vinyl amines [30]. 

Emulsions are generally classified as normal (oil-in-water) or inverse (water-inoil) in this paper, we will only consider inverse emulsions, as our continuous phase is a non-aqueous fluid (primarily CO2). Typical monomers used in inverse emulsion polymerization are water soluble, and include (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylamide, vinyl pyrrolidone, N-vinyl formamide, vinyl sulfonic acid salts, etc. Typical continuous phases used commercially are hydrocarbons, oftentimes inexpensive fluids such as kerosene or naphtha. In this chapter we consider emulsion polymerizations in near-critical or supercritical continuous phases. 

PVPA is a water-soluble white powder, insoluble in aprotic organic solvents. PVPA shows a similar structure to poly(aciylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl-sulfonic acid) (PVSA). Whereas PAA is a weak electrolyte and PVSA is a strong electrolyte, PVPA is intermediate. It shows in reality only one step in neutralization, although should theoretically exhibit two distinctly different steps, like the VPA monomer. Hence, PVPA behaves as a monobasic acid, because the second proton of the monomer unit cannot be ionized in aqueous media. It is assumed that the charge density of the fully ionized PVPA is very high and that the second ionization step does not occur. 

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