Vibrio sp.

Yasumoto et al. (30) describe two components of a Pseudomonas sp. culture with identical HPLC retention times to TTX and anhydro-TTX. These fractions produced typical signs of TTX intoxication in mice, with median death times similar to standard TTX and anhydro-TTX. Noguchi et al. (32) demonstrate by HPLC and GC-MS analyses that 7 biotypes of Vibrio sp. produced substances with retention times and molecular weights similar to TTX and anhydro-TTX. However, they observed mouse toxicity in only 1 biotype. Likewise, Simidu et al. (34) report that extracts of V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749 cultures displayed TTX-like toxicity in mice. The latter study shows that a variety of marine bacteria, plus E. coliy produced substances that, by HPLC analysis, were identical to TTX and anhydro-TTX. 

If common marine bacteria, such as Vibrio sp. and Pseudomonas sp., indeed produce TTXs, it might be expected that more animals, particularly those living in aquatic environments, would be toxic. However, apparently only specific animals can concentrate TTX and/or provide a niche for TTX-producing bacteria. 

As illustrated by the cases of an antilarval defense in U. reticulata produced by a Vibrio sp. bacterium and by the likely cyanobacterial origin of lobophorolide,... 

Kobayashi, M. Aoki, S. Gato, K. Matsunami, K. Kurosu, M. Kitagawa, I. (1994) Trisindoline, a new antibiotic indole trimer, produced by a bacterium of Vibrio sp. separated from the marine sponge Hyrtios altum. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 42, 2449-51. 

Besides sponges and algae, enzymes were also isolated from marine organisms and microorganisms. For example, polymerases and proteases from marine Vibrio sp. [352], marine bacterium such as Alcaligenes faecalis [353], and from archaeons, such as the psychrophilic Cenarchaeum symbiosum [354], and the hyperthermophile archaeons Pyrococcus furiosus [355], Sulfolobus solfataricus [356], and Aeropyrum pernix [357] transferases from marine bacterium such as Vibrio vulnificus... 

Araki, T., S. Hashikawa, and T. Morishita. 2000. Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the new gene encoding b-l,3-xylanase from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. Strain XY-214. Applied and Environment Microbiology 66 1741-1743. 

Stretton, S., Danon, S.J., Kjelleberg, S., and Goodman, A.E., Changes in cell morphology and motility in the marine Vibrio sp. strain S14 during conditions of starvation and recovery, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 146, 23, 1997. 

Most preparation methods of PBDEs reported are patents describing the bromination of diphenylether in the presence of a catalyst [1]. This results in products containing mixtures of brominated diphenylethers (Table 3). PBDEs have not been reported to occur naturally in the environment, but the related polybrominated phenoxy phenols have been found in several marine organisms, e.g. in Dysidea herbacea, Dysidea chlorea, and Phyllospongio foliascents [3]. Vionov et al. [14] showed that the bacteria Vibrio sp. associated with the sponge Dysidea sp. is capable of producing brominated diphenylethers. 

Bioluminescence serves as an excellent reporter system as a sensitive marker for microbial detection, as a real-time, non-invasive reporter for measuring gene expression and as a measure of intracellular biochemical function (cell viability). Most widely studied of the bioluminescence systems are those belonging to the luminous bacteria Vibrio sp.. Photobacterium sp. and Photorhabdus luminescens) and the firefly Photinus pyralis). While these systems have proved extremely versatile, there are caveats to their use limiting the array of applications they can be applied to. These caveats mainly surround the nature of the luciferase enzymes, and include temperature and pH stability. 

It was in the early 1990s that the cis and trans geometries of unsaturated lipids were first discovered to be significantly involved in adaptation responses [4]. The first reports concerned the response of the psychrophilic baderium Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1 [15] and of Pseudomonas putida P8 [16] to an increase in temperature or the presence of toxic phenol concentrations, respectively. The researchers deteded in membranes trans lipids that were not dependent on growth, so that they did not derive from a de novo synthesis. In fad, they were also present in... 

Morganella morganii Mycoplasma hominis Neisseria sp. Proteus sp. Providencia sp. Pseudomonas sp. Salmonella sp. Serratia sp. Shigella sp. Ureaplasma urealyti-cum Vibrio sp. Streptococcus pyogenes ... 

Isol. from a strain of the bacterium Vibrio sp. Exhibits antimicrobial activity. Gum. 

---