Breast biopsy

Initial work-up for a woman presenting with a lesion or symptoms suggestive of breast cancer should include a careful history, physical examination of the breast, three-dimensional mammography, and possibly other breast imaging techniques such as ultrasound. Most (80% to 85%) breast cancers can be visualized on a mammogram as a mass, a cluster of calcifications, or a combination of both. Breast biopsy is indicated for... 

Breast biopsy is indicated for a mammographic abnormality that suggests malignancy or a mass that is palpable on physical examination. 

Surgical breast biopsy specimens are first fixed with neutral buffered formalin (4%) for 4-6 hr, followed by zinc-formalin for 2 hr. Paraffin sections (5 xm thick) are placed on silane-coated slides, dried on a slide warmer (60°C) for 1 hr and then in an oven (60°C) for an additional 1 hr. Deparaffinized sections are digested with 0.1% trypsin in PBS at 37°C for 15 min. The sections are placed in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and transferred into a water bath (80° or 90°C) for 2 hr. After a 20-min cooling period, the sections are rinsed... 

A double immunohistochemical method has been used for determining the expression patterns of ER, PR, and EGF receptors in breast biopsies (Van Agthoven et al., 1994). It was demonstrated that ER/PR and EGF receptors in breast tumor cells were inversely related at the single cell level. However, the expression of these three receptors in individual normal luminal cells was not mutually exclusive. 

Whaley, D.H., D.L. Adamczyk, and E.A. Jensen. 2003. Sonographically guided needle localization after stereotactic breast biopsy. Am J Roentgenol 180 352. 

Increased expression of SK4 channels, a member of the Ca2+-activated K+ channel superfamily, is found in all primary pancreatic cancer tissue tested and inhibition of SK4 activity suppresses proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells (Jager et al. 2004). This channel positively regulates cell proliferation in response to mitogenic activation of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway (Pena et al. 2000). Small-conductance Kca channels (SK3) are expressed in a highly metastasizing mammary cancer cell line MDA-MB-435S and in tumor breast biopsies but not in non-tumor breast tissues (Potier et al. 2006). 

Figure 5.3. Raman spectra (uncorrected) of a normal human breast biopsy specimen obtained with lasers of various wavelength between 406 and 830 nm. (Adapted from Reference 4, with...

MEC in the breast, and it does not stain myofibroblasts. Some have used a cocktail of dual-staining for SMMHC and p63. In our experience, using SMMHC and p63 is optimal for discerning MEC on difficult breast biopsies. 

The 45-year-old female client has had a left breast biopsy that revealed carcinoma of the breast and the following laboratory report regarding estrogen and progesterone influence on the mmor. Which medications should the nurse discuss with the client ... 

Thus, despite its intrinsic promise, proteomic analysis of breast cancer is not so straight-forward. Clearly, "the devil is in the details" and differential proteomics of normal versus cancer breast biopsies is in fact associated with a series of difficult problems making the approach a potential pitfall. Unfortunately, this conclusion is probably not limited to breast cancer and the suitability of differential proteomics performed from biopsies should be questioned in any attempt to identify markers or therapeutic targets. 

FIGURE 29.12 MRI-compatible robot for breast biopsy. Photo courtesy Harald Fischer.)... 

Related work at Brigham and Women s Hospital in Boston is illustrated in Fig. 29.13. This system" is designed to operate in an open-magnet MRI system and uses a common control architecture developed jointly by MIT, Brigham and Women s Hospital, and Johns Hopkins." " One early application will be MRI-guided prostate therapy. Figure 29.12 shows another MRI-compatible robot system, this one designed for breast biopsy. ... 

Floyd C, Lo JY, Tourassi GD et al (2000) Case-based reasoning computer algorithm that uses mammographic findings for breast biopsy decisions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175 1347-1352... 

A similar study in the previous year with 50 patients who had undergone breast biopsy surgery had found that lavender essential oil had no signi cant effect on postoperative pain or analgesic requirements. However, a signi cantly higher satisfaction with pain control was noted by patients in the lavender group (Kim et ah, 2006). 

Fig.4.1. Several techniques have been devised for percutaneous breast biopsy, from fine-needle aspiration biopsy using 23-gauge needle (left) to en bloc excision performed with the 20-mm advanced breast-biopsy instrumentation device (right)...

US-guided FNAB of NPBL was described by Fornage et al. (1987). Parker et al. (1993) were the first to report the efficacy of US-guided automated 14-gauge core breast biopsy in a series of 181 lesions. 

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