Vertical-stream method

Waterfall Process. A method for the application of glaze materials to a ceramic body by mechanically conveying the ware through a continuously flowing (recirculated) vertical stream of the glaze suspension. The process is used in the glazing of wall tiles. 

Shirato, Gotoh, Osasa, and Usami [J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 1, 164— 167 (January 1968)] present a method for determining the mass flow rate of suspended sohds in a liqiiid stream wherein the liquid velocity is measured By an electromagnetic flowmeter and the flow of sohds is calculated from the pressure drops across each of two vertical sections of pipe of different diameter through which the suspension flows in series. 

Next, a global representation of all process lean streams is developed as a lean composite stream. First, we establish Ns/> lean composition scales (one for each process MSA) that are in one-to-one coirespondence with the rich scale according to the method outlined in Section 3.5. Next, the mass of pollutant that can be gained by each process MSA is plotted vei us the composition scale of that MSA. Hence, each i xx ess MSA is represented as an arrow extending between supply and target compositions (see Fig. 3.5 for a two-MSA example). Ihe vertical distance between the arrow head and tail is given by... 

As in the case of the interaction of coaxial directing jets, the interaction of main streams w ith directing jets supplied at a right angle was studied Ti i to develop a design method for air distribution with horizontal and vertical directing jets. 

The discussion of the interaction of air jets supplied at some angle to each other shows that application of the method of superposition of the interacting jets momentums and surplus heat to predict velocity and temperatures in the combined flow results in inaccuracy when two unequal jets are supplied at a right angle. A different approach was undertaken in the studies of interaction of the main stream with vertical directing jets. Ti i... 

Diffusivities of vapours are most conveniently determined by the method developed by WiNKELMANN 1 in which liquid is allowed to evaporate in a vertical glass tube over the top of which a stream of vapour-free gas is passed, at a rate such that the vapour... 

The diffusivity of the vapour of a volatile liquid in air can be conveniently determined by Winkdmann s method in which liquid is contained in a narrow diameter vertical tube, maintained at a constant temperature, and an air stream is passed over the top of the tube sufficiently rapidly to ensure that the partial pressure of the vapour there remains approximately zero. On the assumption that the vapour is transferred from the surface of the liquid to tile air stream by molecular diffusion alone, calculate the diffusivity of carbon tetrachloride vapour in air at 321 K and atmospheric pressure from the experimental data given in Table 10.3. 

Fig. 9.4.10 Apparatus for the gas flow-arc plasma method. The apparatus is composed of two components. The upper part is a glass Dewar, which accumulates small particles in a cryogenic matrix on the trim cooled with liquid nitrogen (LN). Sorv, inlet of organic vapor Syr, syringe for transferring produced colloids under anaerobic conditions RP, rotary pump S, target sample. Lower part is for plasma discharge. A BN furnace has gas inlets (G) and is specially designed for Ar gas to flow in screwed stream hence the plasma is emitted in a jet flame due to a plasma pinch effect. The black parts are copper electrodes cooled by water. In order to maintain a constant spacing between the surface of sample and tbe upper electrode, the sample position can move vertically so that the current through the sample to the upper electrode is precisely controlled and constant. This is very important to produce powders with a narrow size distribution.

Hewitt and Lovegrove (HI la), 1963 Measurements are reported of pressure gradient, holdup, film thicknesses in vertical, upward, cocurrent air/water streams in a tube of 1.25 in. diameter. Film thicknesses by three measurement methods are compared. 

Ammonia oxidation under low pressures, as a method of transferring this reaction into the kinetic region, is inapplicable in the case of the Co304 catalyst since, at such temperatures as 700°C and low 02 pressures, Co304 decomposes with the formation of CoO. In order to obtain information on the kinetic of NH3 oxidation on Co304, we studied limiting loads at which the catalyst is extinguished (166, 167). The experiments were performed at pressures from 1 to 9 atm. A catalyst pellet was placed in a vertical tube of a diameter such that the cross-section occupied by the pellet comprised one-half of the cross-section of the tube. This was an imitation of conditions in the bed of pellets. The gas mixture at the inlet was at room temperature the stream of the mixture was directed downward. 

This method may be easily mechanized [7]. The column is mounted vertically and filled with a continuous slow stream of packing material. During filling, the column is bounced on a hard surface about 100 times per minute (the column is raised about 1 cm) and is... 

In view of all these obvious or hidden drawbacks of methods I and II, a multicomponent saturator has been developed for the generation of gaseous feed streams in laboratory flow-type units [18, 19]. Its salient features (cf. Fig. 4) are a vertical saturator column packed with an inert solid, typically glass balls, and a moving liquid phase (as opposed to the saturators shown in Fig. 2) which trickles downwards, while the carrier gas A is conducted countcrcurrently. A pump conveys the liquid B + C-l----mixture from the storage vessel via a... 

The following procedure has been used by Hartmann (1963) to prepare alcohol-free C-diazomethane in about 60-65% yield. N-Methyl-C -N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (22 mg, 0.103 mmole, 0.1 mC of C " ) was dissolved in 1 ml of anhydrous, peroxide-free diethyl ether in a 5-ml distilling flask fitted with a gas inlet tube. The side arm was bent vertically downward near the top and connected through a two-holed rubber stopper to a 10-ml Erlenmeyer flask. A tube from the second hole led to the back of the hood. The latter flask was cooled in a Dry-Ice-Cellosolve bath. With the reaction flask at room temperature, 1 ml of a solution of 10 mg of sodium metal in dry n-octyl alcohol was added all at once. The gas inlet tube was immediately connected and a slow stream of dry nitrogen was passed through the system. The temperature of the mixture was then raised to 70°C in an oil bath and the C-diazomethane was flushed into the cooled collection flask for about 15 min. A further 1 ml of ether was then added through the gas inlet tube and collection was continued until the distillation of the ether was complete. Use of C-dia-zomethane represents the most general method for the introduction of radioactivity into a haloketone. 

The development of in situ electrolytic methods by Allied Chemical resulted in a novel unit, the electropulse column, in which mass transfer and electrolytic reduction are carried out simultaneously (25). The basic feature of the electropulse column, (Fig. 3), is the dual function of the horizontal perforated plates, acting as cathodes as well as pulse plates, and the introduction of vertical anode screens contained in porous ceramic sleeves. This design was found particularly suitable for Pu-U partitioning, since it permits operation with an aqueous-continuous phase, which is needed to maintain adequate electrical conductivity, while the organic to aqueous flow ratio is kept quite large to obtain a high plutonium concentration in the exiting aqueous stream. 

Fluid flow in a stirred tank with anchor stirrer can be characterized as flow past a horizontal plane [310] induced by the vertical arms of the close-clearance stirrer. A numerical algorithm of the two-dimensional Newtonian flow past a horizontal plane was established using an iterative method for the determination of the boundary values of the stream function. The flow profile was determined with measurements and the stirrer power derived therefrom. The correspondence between the measurements and calculations was excellent. 

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