Stream Method

Criteria for mechanical delimitations in samphng by the alternative cross-stream method to fulfih through-stream extraction requirements are revised from gravity-sampling criteria in the following respec ts ... 

Stationary motions, 69 Statistical method, 69 Streaming method, 354 Stress, 21, 38 Sublimation, 19, 191, 491 Substance, 43... 

Fig. 2.35. Leak hunting with the part stream method.

Injection hole, Is used to Ignite the coal, and subsequent gasification then simulates underground gasification by the so-called stream method. 

Taylor studied the decomposition of hydrogen iodide by a streaming method, using a tube of Pyrex glass of 600 J. Physical Chem., 1924, 28, 984. 

The formation of nitric oxide from its elements was investigated by Nernst at 1,538° and 1,737°C., the decomposition by Jellinekf between 650° and 1,750° C. Both investigations were made by the streaming method. Each of the reactions is stated to be bimolecular. 

Fig. 2.53. Leak hunting with the part stream method. 1, Object to be tested 2, helium leak detector L, slit with a fixed conductivity. (Figure 10 from [2.27]).

From the discussions above, the following general principle for selection of target systems for IS application can be concluded the gas-continuous impinging streams method is especially applicable to gas-liquid reaction or chemical absorption systems involving fast-irreversible reaction(s) in liquid. 

Over the last 20 years a variety of multispecies toxicity tests have been developed. These tests, usually referred to as microcosms or mesocosms, range in size from 1 1 (the mixed flask culture) to thousands of liters in the case of the pond mesocosms. A review by Gearing (1989) listed 11 freshwater artificial stream methods, 22 laboratory freshwater microcosms ranging from 0.1 to 8,4001, and 18 outdoor freshwater microcosms ranging from 8 to 18,000,000 1. In order to evaluate and design multispecies toxicity tests, it is crucial to understand the fundamental differences compared to singlespecies tests. A more extensive discussion has been published (Landis, Matthews, and Matthews 1996) and the major points are summarized below. 

That the alteration in the vapour pressure is a small quantity is at once shown by the ratio v/Y Thus in the case of water at xoo° C, the molecular volume of the liquid may be taken to be 18 c c approximately, and the molecular volume of the vapour as 20,000 c c approximately Hence v/Y = o 0009 approximately This small fraction denotes the increase in the saturated vapour pressure expressed in atmospheres, due to increasing the external pressure by one atmosphere The change is of the order of one part in 1000 and is therefore a negligible quantity It follows, however, that in vapour pressure measurements the static method gives the true value whilst the dynamic or streaming method gives the vapour pressure at an external pressure of one atmosphere The difference between the two values is, however, often undetectable... 

Products formed by pyrolyzing Si(CH3)4, which are mostly Si-methyl carbosilanes, are not very reactive. In many investigations there is a need for compounds with the same basic structure but with more reactive groups attached to silicon (e.g., Si—Cl). Such compounds may be prepared by pyrolyzing the three methyl chlorosilanes (2If). Thermal decomposition of these substances is sufficiently rapid at 700°C and a preparative study of the pyrolysis products can be made by the streaming method used for Si(CH3)4. 

Coatings formed by chemical vapor deposition are produced by the pack, fluidized bed [35,36] and vapor streaming methods. Pack cementation techniques have been discussed extensively by Aves and... 

The stream method can be applied generally to steeply pitched coal beds inclined galleries following the dip of the coal seam are constructed parallel to each other and are connected at the bottom by a horizontal gallery or fire drift (Figure 21.29). 

FIGURE 21.29 Stream method of underground coal gasification. (From Braunstein, H.M. et al.. Environmental health and control aspects of coal conversion An information overview, Report ORNL-EIS-94, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1977.)... 

Figure 1 Typical flow-through cells used for spectrophotometric detection in flowing stream methods. (A) U-shaped cell for implementation in standard spectrophotometers (B) Z-shaped cell as commonly employed in liquid chromatography (C) oval-shaped cell used for both liquid-phase measurements and solid-phase optosensing detection (D) solid-state detector with radially transmitted light beam. LS, light source LED, light-emitting diode PD, photodetector.

Almost all flowing-stream methods reported to date for free and total fluoride determination and applied to quality control and environmental monitoring are related to potentiometric detection using the fluoride ISE owing to its high selectivity. Spec-trophotometric alternatives based either on the Alizarin complexone methodology or on the inhibitory effect of fluoride on the formation of different metal chelates have also accomplished a great approval. 

Table 3 Analytical features of relevant flowing-stream methods applied to air pollution surveillance... 

Table 4 Analytical features of relevant flowing-stream methods applied to the determination of organic pollutants, nutrients, anionic species, and metal traces in agricultural samples... 

Electricity Production. Biomass is capable of producing electricity in many different ways. The most commonly used methods include pyrolysis, cofiring, direct-fired/conventional stream method, biomass gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfiU gas collection. 

The direct-fired/conventional stream method is the most commonly used method of producing bioenergy. This process involves the direct combustion of biomass to produce steam, which then turns turbines that drive generators to produce electricity. 

As shown, our experimental angiographic investigations use the traditional streaming method of drug infusion into the face artery only partially provides its infusion into a.ophthalmica. It is explained by the fact that an infusion fluid pressure reated in catheters exit multiply exceeds systolic pressure level in the ophthalmic artery. That is why a considerable part of the infused drug (more than 99% is spread outside of eye blood supply pool). Thus, this method may be considered as "relative" regional intraarterial infusion therapy (Fig. 1-a). 

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