Ventilation space

Remove or reduce the source Prohibit smoking indoors or limit smoking to areas from which air is exhausted, not recirculated (NIOSH regards smoking areas as an interim solution). Relocate contaminant-producing equipment to an unoccupied, better ventilated, or exhaust-only ventilated space. Select products which produce fewer or less potent contaminants while maintaining adequate safety and efficiency. Modify other occupant activities. 

To providi unitorra conditions throughout the ventilated space... 

Major factors affecting air and contaminant movement inside ventilated space are summarized in Section 7.3 and can be classified as... 

The value of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, D, depends upon the air change rate in the ventilated space and the method of air supply. Studies by Posokhin show that approximate D values for locations outside supply air jets is equal to 0.025 m-/s. Air disturbance caused by operator or robot movement results in an increase in the D value of at least two times. Studies by Zhivov et al. showed that the D value is affected by the velocity and direction of cross-drafts against the hood face, and the presence of an operator e.g., for a cross-draft directed along the hood face with velocity u = 0.5 m/s with D = 0.15 m-/s (with the presence of an operator), an increase to = 1.0 m/s results in D = 0.3 m-/s. 

Air and contaminant movement and turbulent intensity in the ventilated space are affected by different external and internal forces, such as... 

To characrerizc the airflow in the stratified space, Eltermaii- proposed A which is a ratio of kinetic energy dissipating in the ventilated space to the energy used to suppress the buoyancy forces ... 

Detailed experimental data were obtained by Sadovskaya on a physical model in isothermal conditions. She has found that the confined air jet has two critical cross-sections (Fig. 7.38). In the first cross-section, where the ratio of jet cross-sectional area to the area of ventilated space equals 0.24, the jet... 

Grimitlyn, M. I. 1973. Principles of air distribution in ventilated spaces. D.Sc. thesis. VVISKU, Leningrad. 

Nielsen, P.V., L. Evenson, P. Grabau, and J.H. Thulesen-Dahl. 1987. Air distribution in rooms with ceiling-mounted obstacles and three-dimensional isothermal flow. RoomVent 87. Proceedings of the International Conference on Air Distribution in Ventilated Spaces, Stockholm. 

Fissore, A. A., and G.. A. Lieheck. 1991. A simple empirical model for predicting velocity distri butions and comfort in a large slot ventilated space. ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 97, no. 2. 

Maksimov, G.. A., and V. V. Der ugin. 1972. Air Movement in Heated and Ventilated Spaces. LLSI, Leningrad. 

Zonal models are often used in analytical calculation of temperature, concentration, or humidity conditions in ventilated spaces. The space is divided in two or several zones, which typically have different target levels as described in Section 2.1 These typical zones can also be divided into additional subzones. 

M. Pozin, Mathematical modelling of heat and air processes in mechanically ventilated spaces, in Roomvent 92, vol. 1, Aalborg, Denmark, 1992. 

El. Brohus, Influence of the cooled ceiling on indoor air quality in a displacement ventilated space examined by means of computational fluid dynamics, in Proceedings of Spacevent 9,>i, Stockholm 1998. 

C. E. Hyldgard. In Roomvent 87 International Conference on Air Distribution in Ventilated Spaces. Stockholm, 1987. 

External walls of building enclosing heated spaces, internal walls exposed to unheated ventilated spaces, floors where the under-surface is exposed to outside air or an unheated ventilated space, and roofs over heated spaces (including the cases of ceilings with an unheated ventilated space above them). 

Automatic fire ventilation See Smoke ventilation. Dilution ventilation A ventilation strategy whereby contaminants are allowed to escape into the ventilated space and are then diluted to an acceptable level by means of the ventilation system. 

VENTILATION, SPACE HEATING AND COOLING AND PERSONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS... 

Where installation costs are not prohibitive, the ideal remedy would be a suspended concrete floor above a well ventilated space, with the ground below the ventilated space sealed by concrete incorporating a polymeric radon barrier. This would effect a passive remedy requiring little maintenance and no running costs. 

Even more power hungry are moving vehicles, such as wheelchairs, golf carts, and carts in poorly ventilated spaces, such as in warehouses, mines, and ship holds. The all-electric automobile that can travel for 300 miles at 60 m.p.h without recharging would be the greatest prize. 

Sometimes, masks or plastic bags are filled with laughing gas and then placed over the mouth and/or head. This practice carries a particularly high risk for serious injury and possible death, because the user can lose consciousness and suffocate on the mask or bag. Suffocation can also occur when nitrous oxide is consumed in large quantities in a poorly ventilated space, such as a car or closet, or when the user doesn t breathe in a sufficient amount of oxygen during prolonged use. 

It s preferable to gas out new materials in a well-ventilated space which you do not have to enter. Keep in mind that you can react to natural materials as well, especially if these are not organically produced and if— aside from MCS — you also have allergies or sensitivities to natural substances. Also keep in mind that the green label does not necessarily mean the product is nontoxic. 

Work in a well-ventilated space. Hazardous chemicals should be mixed under a vented hood or outside. 

Treatment of wood with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most commonly used method to impart dimensional stability to wood. PEG in a water solution can be used to permeate the lumens and penetrate the cell wall. A 30-50 percent solution of PEG in water generally is used on green wood no pressure is required. Treatment times are adjusted so that a uniform uptake of 25-30 percent of PEG is achieved, based on the dry weight of the wood temperatures range from 21 to 60°C. The wood may require weeks of soaking, depending on species, density, and thickness. After treatment, the wood is dried in a well-ventilated space, preferably heated. 

As we saw in our discussion of redox reactions, combustion reactions can travel through the gas phase quite rapidly. Solvent fumes, likewise, can be quite flammable, which is why they should be used away from any sparks or open flame and in a well-ventilated space. The liquid solvent... 

Adverse effects reported from nitrous oxide use have included nausea, vomiting, and headache. In addition, heavy chronic use has occasionally been reported to resemble the sort of dependence that develops with other depressant drugs. With hca y use come more severe problems, including numbness of the extremities and permanent peripheral nerve damage. There have also been some reports of death by asphyxiation after using large amounts in a poorly ventilated space (Walker Zacny, 2005). 

Small mammals (e.g., moles, mice, and voles) and certain bird species that live or nest in subsurface burrows may inhale volatile pollutants that are evaporated out of the soil as a vapor. This pathway is likely to be significant only in those cases where poor ventilation allows vapors to collect and concentrate and where the receptor spends a lot of time (e.g., when nesting) in such a poorly ventilated space. There is, however, little information available about how to quantify this exposure pathway. Small mammals are more likely to be significantly exposed to pollutants that have been taken up in their food items (e.g., plants, soil invertebrates) or through incidental ingestion of polluted soil particles. 

High airborne concentrations of ethyl acetate can form in poorly ventilated spaces with the potential for eye, nose, and respiratory tract irritation CNS depression and escape impairment. Ethyl acetate is a... 

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