Velocity curve

FIG. 14-119 Aerodynamic cut diameter for a tyj)ical packed-bed entrainment separator as a function of pacldng size, bed depth, and three gas velocities curve 1-1.5 m/s, curve 2-3.0 m/s, and curve. 3-4.5 m/s. To convert meters to feet, multiply by. 3.281 to convert centimeters to inches, multiply by 0..394. [Calveti, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 24, 929 (1974).]... 

Phase Diagram (Zenz and Othmer) Zenz and Othmer (op. cit.) have graphically represented (Fig. 17-2) all gas-solid svstems in which the gas is flowing counter to gravity as a function o pressure drop per unit of height versus velocity. Note that line OAB in Fig. 17-2 is the pressure-drop versus gas-velocity curve for a packed bed and BD the cui ve for a fluid bed. Zenz indicates an instability between D and H because with no sohds flow all the particles will be entrained from the bed however, if sohds are added to replace those entrained, system JJ prevails. The area DHJJ will be discussed further. 

An important application of the impedance match method is demonstrated by the pressure-particle velocity curves of Fig. 4.9 for various explosives. Using the above method, the pressure in shock waves in various explosives is inferred from the intersection of the explosive Hugoniot with the explosive product release isentropes and reflected shock-compression Hugoniots (Zel dovich and Kompaneets, 1960). The amplitudes of explosively induced shock waves which can be propagated into nonreacting materials are calculable using results such as those of Fig. 4.9. 

Generally the material response stress versus particle velocity curves in Fig. 8.6 are nonlinear and either a graphical or more complicated analytic method is needed to extract a spall strength, Oj, from the velocity or stress profile. When behavior is nominally linear in the region of interest a characteristic impedance (Z for the window and for the sample) specify material... 

The distribution of velocity components (radial, tangential and axial) under conditions of mixing with baffles in comparison with the conditions of vortex formation is presented in Figure 12. The dashed lines in Figure 12 indicate non-baffled conditions. Comparison of the non-baffled and fully baffled velocity curves (solid line) leads to the following set of conclusions on vortex suppression when dealing with perfectly miscible liquids ... 

Figure 5.9. Hydraulic gradient-velocity curves tor 200 fim sand in 25 mm diameter hydraulic conveying line...

Just as important as the maximum active force a muscle can exert at various lengths, is the rate at which the muscle shortens as a function of the force load, i.e., the force-velocity curve. Both the length-tension curve and the force-velocity curve vary according to the degree of activation of a muscle. The rate at which crossbridges cycle is an inverse function of the load force (Figure 4). 

Figure 4. When a muscle contracts isotonically or a constant resisting force is imposed on it during a contraction, the velocity at which it shortens quickly comes to a constant. The force-velocity curve shows the relationship between the force applied to a muscle and the steady-state velocity of shortening. As in all other muscles, the force-velocity curve of smooth muscle is a rectangular hyperbola for all positive shortening velocities. In order to compare the behavior of muscles of different lengths and diameters, it is common to normalize force and velocity by dividing each by its maximum value and expressing the result as a percentage, nd...

The mechanical behavior of the contractile apparatus of smooth muscle is also very similar to that of striated muscle. So that to the extent that the force-velocity curves reflect the interaction of mechanical force and the rate of enzymatic catalysis, the steps of the chemomechanical transduction cycles in the two muscles are apparently modulated in similar ways. Also relationships between the active isometric force and muscle length are very similar (except as noted above for shorter lengths). 

Figure 7.14 Reaction velocity as a function of apparent enzyme concentration in an assay for which the concentration of tight binding inhibitor is fixed at I IK W > 200. The point at which the linear velocity curve intersects the x-axis indicates the true concentration of active enzyme in the sample.

A system total head against mean velocity curve for a particular power law liquid in a particular pipe system can be represented by the equation... 

Figure 2. Comparison of theoretical velocity curve with Ingebo s experimental data for a 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane spray (Miesse)...

In our investigation consumption was taken into account in advance in the construction of the velocity curve in the form of relation (12), (12a) between the concentration and temperature. However little we might exceed the limit, self-ignition will occur in the jet. The boundary between self-ignition and the steady regime is absolutely abrupt physically, this is related to the fact that in a jet with continuous supply of the substance we may allow the system an indefinitely long time, unlimited by consumption, for a steady or non-steady regime to be manifested. 

Finally, the considerations developed for the conditions of ignition and the feasibility of combustion may also be applied to the combustion of coal, liquid fuel, etc., due to oxygen in the surrounding medium. In these cases the temperature gradient in the c-phase (in coal or oil) also plays a role in the thermal balance. A number of substantial differences, particularly a different form of the combustion velocity curve as a function of the parameters, makes a special study, inappropriate here, essential. 

Non-existence of hysteresis in the pressure drop versus velocity curves. 

Reilly T, Woodbridge V. Effects of moderate dietary manipulation on swim performance and on blood lactate—swimming velocity curves. Int J Sports Med 1999 20 93-97. 

Investigation of the velocity profiles obtained for the first case (crossection (x, y = 70 nm)) indicates a strong decrease of the maximum fluid velocity with increasing electrolyte concentration (see Figure 4). Furthermore, a transition of the velocity curves from a parabolic curve classically obtained from the Navier-Stokes problem (i.e., c = 0 mol/m3) to a very flattend curve for high electrolyte concentration (c = 1000 mol/m3) can be seen. 

Figure 2.13 Illustration ofthe relationship between the water flow velocity and the fate of sediment particles. At low velocities the larger particles sediment out if originally suspended, or, if originally residing in the sediment, they remain in place (lower right zone) note that this is the sedimentation velocity curve from Figure 2.12. At intermediate velocities...

Figure 6.12 depicts the velocity distribution of pure drag flow (dP/dz = 0) as constant velocity curves at different H/W ratios. We note the increasing significance of the restraining effect of the flight with increasing H/W ratios. 

Figure 13. Substrate velocity curve influence of hemoglobin concentration on its rate of hydrolysis catalyzed by Greenland cod pepsin at 37°C (M), 17°C (A), and 5°C ( ).

In 1913, Michaelis and Men ten presented a general theory for enzyme kinetics, extended later by Briggs and Haldane, which accounts for the velocity curve shown in Figure 5.5. This theory for reactions catalyzed by enzymes having a single substrate assumes that the substrate S binds to the active site of the enzyme E to form the enzyme-substrate complex ES, which yields the product P and the free enzyme E ... 

The operations listed in Fig. 24 may shift from one mode to the other as the fluid velocity changes. Such a shift depends on the relative magnitudes of the two incipient fluidization velocities un and u[2 and of the two terminal velocities uti and ui2, and on whether the bulk-density-vs.-velocity (as well as the voidage-vs.-velocity) curves of the two kinds of particles are parallel or cross each other. That is, put more succinctly ... 

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