Veins administration routes

For the majority of drugs, the preferred administration route is by oral ingestion which requires good intestinal absorption of drug molecules. Intestinal absorption is usually expressed as fraction absorbed (FA), expressing the percentage of initial dose appearing in a portal vein [15]. 

IV route of ac/m/n/sfraf/on- Warfarin injection provides an alternative administration route for patients who cannot receive oral drugs. The IV dosages would be the same as those that would be used orally if the patient could take the drug by the oral route. Administer as a slow bolus injection over 1 to 2 minutes into a peripheral vein. It is not recommended for IM administration. 

Route of PN Administration Peripheral Versus Central Vein Infusion... 

Intravenous medication is injected directly into a vein either to obtain an extremely rapid and predictable response or to avoid irritation of other tissues. This route of administration also provides maximum availability and assurance in delivering the drug to the site of action. However, a major danger of this route of administration is that the rapidity of absorption makes effective administration of an antidote very difficult, if not impossible, in most instances. Care must often be... 

A nutritional deficit often exists in hospitalized patients. There are many conditions and diseases for which nutritional support is recommended by enteral or parenteral routes of administration. Provision of nutrients by vein, in amounts sufficient to maintain or achieve anabolism, is referred to as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 

Without the availability of animal dafa, how would one decide on the first dose of a molecule (that has never been administered to any animal) to be given to man A frequently used method is to give a volxmteer 10% of the lowest no-effect" dose seen in two or three animal species. How would one decide on the route of administration Some compounds are very toxic to intact veins. How could one give reasonable assurance of safety of a new chemical never before administered to a human The only viable option is to determine tolerance in the veins of lower animals before moving to a volxmteer. Should animal activists not have to put forth their actual protocol for studying a new drug candidate in humans How would they answer the questions raised above ... 

Parenteral preparations in the form of a suspension cannot be administered through the intravenous route. Preparations intended for administration in this way must be soluble solutions to avoid occlusion of the veins. 

Ac/m/n/sfraf/on. Administration only should be via the IV route using a large-bore, free flowing IV in the antecubital vein, or a central vein due to unpredictable absorption. Small IVs in the extremities are both unreliable and unsafe for vasopressor administration. Frequent monitoring of the IV sites for extravasation injury is essential when vasopressor agents are being used. 

Administration - The IV route is preferred in the convulsing patient. However, if IV administration is impossible, the IM route may be used. Inject deeply into the muscle. Inject IV slowly (at least 1 minute for each 5 mg). Do not use small veins (eg, dorsum of hand or wrist) avoid intra-arterial use and extravasation. 

Parenteral administration This route is applicable for drugs which are inactivated by gastrointestinal tract or absorption is poor when given orally or there is a urgency for fast response in small dose. Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes are commonly used. The intravenous injection (in aqueous solution) is introduced directly into the vein by which a rapid response is produced. The subcutaneous injection are given through the layer of skin, while intramuscular injection, introduced through the skin layer deep into the muscle. The nature of intramuscular injection may be in aqueous or oily solution/suspension form. The aqueous solution will be rapidly absorbed as compared to oily solution or suspension. So, the rate of absorption is dependent on the nature of the preparation. 

Route of administration Zenapax is administered via a peripheral or central vein over a 15-minute period. 

Because these patients may be exquisitely sensitive to the effects of medication, the general principle is always to start with the lowest dose and increase medication only if necessary and very slowly. The route of administration may also be problematic, because some patients have very poor absorption, and thus medications may not be adequately assimilated. Parenteral administration is also often complicated by decreased muscle mass, thrombocytopenia, and difficulty in finding veins. 

As indicated in Table 2.1, drugs may be injected into veins, muscles, subcutaneous tissue, arteries, or into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal (intrathecal). For obvious reasons, intraarterial and intrathecal injections are reserved for specialized drug administration requirements, such as regional perfusion of a tumor with a toxic drug or induction of spinal anesthesia, respectively. Therefore, the more routine injection routes are intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). Because these three modalities involve skin puncture, they carry the risks of infection, pain, and local irritation. 

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