Vehicular pollution

Traffic congestion leads to vehicular pollution, loss of precious time (hampering productivity), and stress to citizens and thus has a serious negative effect on the penetration of automobiles. 

The composition of house dust varies widely, depending on construction material and architectural design, proximity to industrial and vehicular pollution sources, mode of heating and cooking, temperature and humidity, and variations in air exchange and particle infiltration rates in different climates and geographic regions. Even in houses of comparable age and construction in the same community, the elemental profile of dust in an individual house will depend on the lifestyle and activities of the inhabitants, their occupations, hobbies and... 

Vehicular Emissions. Federal law mandates that urban areas with unhealthy levels of vehicular pollution require testing of automobile emissions. Laws concerning testing vary considerably from state to state and jurisdictions within states. Additionally, new vehicles manufactured or sold in the United States must undergo factory testing, both of the model and of the individual units, to ensure the vehicle meets federal standards. 

Confined-area pollution, where there may be no natural circulation of air and no effective air purification effluent system. This situation is found in factories or mines and inside improperly ventilated garages, service stations, and vehicular tunnels,... 

Hydrocarbons. Extensive pollution of air occurs from the introduction of hydrocarbons either from (a) the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in both stationary and vehicular engines or (b) from paint spraying, solvent cleaning, printing, chemical and metallurgical, and other plants that... 

Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Gasoline that has its composition and/or characteristics altered to reduce vehicular emissions of pollutants, particularly pursuant to EPA regulations under the CAA. 

Particulates packed in reactor beds are subjected to the static pressures of the bed height and thus must be sufficiently strong to resist crushing. Monoliths, particularly when used in a stacked mode, for example, in stationary pollution abatement, must resist crushing axially. For vehicular use, for example, auto exhaust and ozone... 

The maps of average concentrations for As and Cd (Fig. 16.2A and B) show the highest values in correspondence of ASL territories of Naples and Caserta provinces. Lead shows high values only in the Naples province, especially in correspondence with ASL NA1 territory where the highest values for the SMR-REG for the cancer of trachea, bronchus, and lung are registered, as well. The Pb present in the urban area of Naples has been related principally with pollution from vehicular traffic (Cicchella el al., 2005 De Vivo et al., 2006b). 

ARCO, for example, marketed a reformulated gasoline, EC-1 Regular (Emission control-1), for older vehicles without catalytic converters, in southern California. These vehicles made up only a small portion of the car and truck population in the area but they contributed almost a third of the vehicular air pollution. ARCO also marketed a premium reformulated gasoline, EC-Premium. The EPA estimated that the ARCO reformulated gasolines reduced air pollution by about 150 tons each day in southern California. 

In recent years, the concern for cleaner air, along with stricter air pollution regulation and the desire to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels have rekindled the interest in hydrogen as a vehicular fuel. 

In coal conversion the fuel is first gasified by reaction with steam, the gas mixture cleaned of pollutants, and the cleaned gas then burned in a gas turbine, which generates electricity the waste heat of the combustion gases is used to produce steam for the conventional turbine and thus to generate more electricity. Alternatively, the gasified coal can be converted into liquid fuel suitable for vehicular use. 

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