Vascular address system

We have previously developed an in vivo selection method in which peptides that home to specific vascular beds are selected after intravenous administration of a phage display random peptide library [5]. This strategy revealed a vascular address system that allows tissue-specific targeting of normal blood vessels [6-8] and angiogenesis-related targeting of tumor blood vessels [3, 6, 9-12]. While the biologi-... 

No human studies were located that indicate that exposure to silver or silver compounds will affect the cardiovascular system. However, an animal study did show an increase in the relative size of the left ventricle of rats that had been chronically exposed to silver nitrate or silver chloride in drinking water. Despite the suggestion by the authors that the increase in left ventricle size may be caused by vascular hypertension, this effect has not been observed in animals or in humans. These endpoints have not been specifically addressed in reliable studies to date. 

The use of testosterone replacement therapy for the treatment of hypogonadism and ED may assist PDE5 inhibitors if they have failed to be effective (57). Testosterone levels within the normal range have neutral or potentially beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (58). Androgen replacement therapy should be offered to men with CAD and hypogonadism if symptomatically appropriate. The absence of long-term studies needs to be addressed in terms of possible preventive properties on the vascular wall, reduction in low-density lipoprotein levels, and the reduction of insulin resistance in contrast to the increase in hematocrit and risk of exacerbating prostate cancer. 

However, to make such a therapy reality, concerns over cell viability inside the implantable device have to be adequately addressed. The implant s polymer composition and morphology would have to be optimized in order to maximize the life-span of the cells and to minimize host immune responses. The vascularization of the implant would be another determinant that plays an important role regarding cell viability because it enables the implant to receive nutrients necessary for their survival, to eliminate metabolic by-products and to provide the systemic entrance of therapeutic proteins. 

An in-depth complete treatise on the arteries and veins running in the limbs and extremities and related-pathology is beyond the scope of a book on the musculoskeletal system. Here, we will focus on general aspects of vascular pathology related to musculoskeletal diseases. Some concepts are specifically addressed in other chapters of the book. The analysis of the proper vascular pathology of limb arteries and veins, such as atherosclerotic disease and venous insufficiency, is more appropriately dealt with in other textbooks and specific literature (PoLAK et al. 1989 Edwards and Zierler 1992 Foley et al. 1989 Fraser and Anderson 2004). 

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