Vaporizers chlorine

Trichloroethane is also a coproduct in the thermal and photochemical chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethane to produce 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Vapor chlorination favors the 1,1,1-isomer, whereas reaction in the Hquid phase may give much higher ratios of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. V-type 2eohtes have been used in vapor-phase chlorination of 1,1-dichloroethane to produce 1,1,2-trichloroethane in high selectivity (100). 

Thus, for the initial chlorination of the ore, ferric chloride can very well be used instead of elemental chlorine. From ferric chloride vapor chlorine can be regenerated by the reaction... 

Orange Organic vapors, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide... 

Yellow Organic vapors, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide (for escape only)... 

Violent reactions with ammonium salts, chlorate salts, beryllium fluoride, boron diiodophosphide, carbon tetrachloride + methanol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, halogens or interhalogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine vapor, chlorine trifluoride, iodine heptafluoride), hydrogen iodide, metal oxides + heat (e.g., beryllium oxide, cadmium oxide, copper oxide, mercury oxide, molybdenum oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide), nitrogen (when ignited), silicon dioxide powder + heat, polytetrafluoroethylene powder + heat. 

Step 2. The chlorine that will eventually be fed to the absorber is stored in a tank as a liquid under pressure at 22°C. Liquid is pumped from this tank through a chlorine flow control valve to a chlorine vaporizer, a tall tank about half of which is filled with chlorine liquid and the other half with chlorine vtipor. The liquid and vapor are in equilibrium at 5°C. Saturated steam at 2 bar absolute is fed through a steam flow control valve into a coil submerged in the liquid that is in the vaporizer, and the heat transferred through the coil wall vaporizes chlorine. Chlorine vapor flows from the top of the vaporizer. 

ICl acts as an iodinating agent only under conditions that favor dissociation into I+ and Cl, e.g., in glacial acetic acid or nitrobenzene. ICl vapor chlorinates solid salicylic acid.407... 

Vacuum dechlorination normally takes place in a packed colunm. Usually, there is little in the way of countercurrent flow the packing serves primarily to provide surface for separation of vaporized chlorine from the liquid. While brine is introduced at the top of the column, the vacuum may be applied either at the top or at the bottom. Water will vaporize from the solution as the chlorine is released. The amount depends on the temperature and concentration of the feed brine and the depth of vacuum. The column must be sized to handle whatever vapor traffic results. 

Plasticized, it produces a film highly impermeable to water and water vapor. Chlorinated rubber is chiefly used in the production of heat- and chemical-resistant paints, varnishes, and lacquers. Films, impregnating solutions, adhesives, and (with the addition of plasticizers) molding powders can also be made. 

The reactants dissolve and immediately begin to react to form further dichloroethane. The reaction is essentially complete at a point only two-thirds up the rising leg. As the liquid continues to rise, boiling begins, and finally, the vapor-liquid mixture enters the disengagement drum. A very slight excess of ethylene ensures essentially 100 percent conversion of chlorine. 

In a related process, 1,4-dichlorobutene was produced by direct vapor-phase chlorination of butadiene at 160—250°C. The 1,4-dichlorobutenes reacted with aqueous sodium cyanide in the presence of copper catalysts to produce the isomeric 1,4-dicyanobutenes yields were as high as 95% (58). The by-product NaCl could be recovered for reconversion to Na and CI2 via electrolysis. Adiponitrile was produced by the hydrogenation of the dicyanobutenes over a palladium catalyst in either the vapor phase or the Hquid phase (59,60). The yield in either case was 95% or better. This process is no longer practiced by DuPont in favor of the more economically attractive process described below. 

Chlorine, a member of the halogen family, is a greenish yellow gas having a pungent odor at ambient temperatures and pressures and a density 2.5 times that of air. In Hquid form it is clear amber SoHd chlorine forms pale yellow crystals. The principal properties of chlorine are presented in Table 15 additional details are available (77—79). The temperature dependence of the density of gaseous (Fig. 31) and Hquid (Fig. 32) chlorine, and vapor pressure (Fig. 33) are illustrated. Enthalpy pressure data can be found in ref. 78. The vapor pressure P can be calculated in the temperature (T) range of 172—417 K from the Martin-Shin-Kapoor equation (80) ... 

Fig. 33. Vapor pressure of liquid chlorine as a function of temperature (78).

Chlorine Monofluoride. Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas that condenses to a Hquid with a slight yeUow cast and free2es to a white soHd. The infrared spectmm of gaseous chlorine monofluoride and the Raman spectmm of the Hquid have been studied (36). The uv-absorption spectmm (37) and vapor pressure data are also available (11). 

Chlorine Pentafluoride. Chlorine pentafluoride is a colorless gas at room temperature. The ir and Raman spectra of the Hquid and gas phase have been studied (34,39). The uv absorption spectmm (45) and vapor pressure data may be found in the Hterature (18). 

Chlorine ttifluoride is commercially available at 99% minimum purity (108) and is shipped as a Hquid under its own vapor pressure in steel cylinders in quantities of 82 kg per cylinder or less. Chlorine ttifluoride is classified as an oxidizer and poison by DOT. 

Halogenation. Liquid-phase monochlorination of ben2otrifluoride gives pronounced meta orientation (295) in contrast, vapor-phase halogenation favors para substitution (296). Sealed tube, photochemical, or dark chlorination (radical initiator) forms... 

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