Vanadium metallurgy

C. K. Gupta and N. Krishnamurthy, Extractive Metallurgy of Vanadium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, 689 pp. 

The basic corrosion behaviour of stainless steels is dependent upon the type and quantity of alloying. Chromium is the universally present element but nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, tungsten, titanium and niobium are also used for a variety of reasons. However, all elements can affect metallurgy, and thus mechanical and physical properties, so sometimes desirable corrosion resisting aspects may involve acceptance of less than ideal mechanical properties and vice versa. 

C. K. Gupta, Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium, Tantalum and Vanadium, Int. Metals Reviews, Vol. 29,... 

Nonessential nutrients, 17 645 Noneutectoid steels, 23 218 Nonferrous alloys, vanadium in, 25 525 Nonferrous metallics, eddy-current separation of, 15 455—451 Nonferrous metallurgy niobium in, 17 145 oxygen in, 17 762 slaked lime in, 15 63... 

The industrial application of vanadium received its main impetus, however, when the metal entered the domain of metallurgy. In 1893 Moissan applied his electric furnace to the making of alloys of vanadium, and produced ferrovanadium in large quantity. The mechanical properties of vanadium steels were noted by Helouis in 1896,2 but were first thoroughly investigated at Sheffield, England, by Professor Arnold in 1900 (see p. 26), whose work was followed by that of Sankey and Smith in 1904. The discovery of the vast Peruvian deposits in 1905 was followed by the successful preparation from them of a ferrovanadium alloy which could readily be employed in the manufacture of vanadium steels. This process now absorbs nearly all the world s production of vanadium. 

R. Rostoker, The Metallurgy of Vanadium, ]ohn Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1965. 

X-Ray. X-ray analysis data, summarized in Table 1, shows that the deposit contains 20.8 % nickel (Ni) plus vanadium(V), and 8.8 % sulfur (S). Interestingly, the data reveals only 2.5% of each of the primary catalyst components aluminum (Al) and molybdenum (Mo) hence, it is unlikely that carryover of the catalyst contributes significantly to the accumulation of V and Ni. Furthermore, it appears unlikely that major amounts of V and Ni derive from the reactor metallurgy, as the deposit contains only 1.7% iron (Fe). The rejection of "vanadium-and nickel-sulfide"[5] from the catalyst surface may account for the high amounts of V, Ni, and S. 

Much of the analytical chemistry of vanadium is concerned with its use in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Vanadium also finds application in catalysis and in the paint and ceramic industries. Environmental concerns about vanadium arise primarily from air-pollution problems. Vanadium can be released from fly ash and oil-combustion products. There are only a few references on vanadium speciation. One reference reported the simultaneous determination of V(IV) and V(V) [25]. Postcolumn reaction with PAR resulted in detection limits of about 10 ppb, even in the presence of high concentration of phosphate. Unfortunately, the studies were not carried out in samples. Urasa et al. [2] used DCPAE detection to speciate V02 and another vanadium species thought to be VOCU ". 

Metallurgy. — Metallic vanadium may be prepared in a number of ways. (1) By reduction of vanadium dichloride by pure hydrogen. This method is difficult to use because at red heat vanadium unites readily with oxygen and water, so both must be carefully excluded. (2) By making a plastic mass of vanadium pentoxide with carbon and paraffin, shaping into rods and passing the electric current through them in a vacuum. 

Brown, C. M., L. C. Johnston and G. J. Goetz. "Vanadium— Present cuid Future," Union Carbide Corporation, Mining cuid Metals Division, presented before the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy on August 28, 1973. 

Ya. I. Gerasimov, A. N. Krestovnikov, and S. I. Gorbov, Chemical Thermodynamics in Nonferrous Metallurgy Handbook , Vol. 5 Thermodynamics of Vanadium, Mercury, Beryllium, and Their Most Important Compounds , Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1973. 

Wri] Wriedt, H.A., Hu, H., Solubihty Product of Vanadium Carbide in Austenite , Chemical Metallurgy - A Tribute to Carl Wagner , Proc. Symp. Chicago, Feb. 23-25 1981, 171-194 (1981) (Phase Relations, Experimental,, 18)... 

Tyzack, C. and England, P. G. Processes for the extraction of vanadium. I.M.M. Symposium on the Extraction Metallurgy of Some of the Less Common Metals, London (1956). 

Vanadium is a metal, used in many alloys. Ferrovanadium and ferrocliromium are added to steel in order to produce chrome-vanadium steels, used for springs and transmission gears. Vanadium metal and aluminum metal are used for the important titanium alloy Ti Al V (6% Al, 4% V). The major use of vanadium, besides metallurgy, is as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Vanadium pentoxide has replaced platinum as a catalyst for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. ... 

The major use of vanadium, besides metallurgy, is as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Vanadium pentoxide has replaced platinum as a catalyst for manufacturing sulfuric add. 

---