Vanadium abundance

Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is a cheap, abundant, useful, and important metal. 

Zn, Ni, Cu, and W, yet is the seventh most abundant element overall because Cr is concentrated in the earth s core and mantle (1,2). It has atomic number 24 and belongs to Group 6 (VIB) of the Periodic Table and is positioned between vanadium and manganese. Other Group 6 members are molybdenum and tungsten. On a toimage basis, chromium ranks fourth among the metals and thirteenth of aU mineral commodities in commercial production. 

Chromium, 122 ppm of the earth s crustal rocks, is comparable in abundance with vanadium (136 ppm) and chlorine (126 ppm), but molybdenum and tungsten (both 1.2 ppm) are much rarer (cf. Ho 1.4 ppm, Tb 1.2 ppm), and the concentration in their ores is low. The only ore of chromium of any commercial importance is chromite, FeCr204, which is produced principally in southern Africa (where 96% of the known reserves are located), the former Soviet Union and the Philippines. Other less plentiful sources are crocoite, PbCr04, and chrome ochre, Cr203, while the gemstones emerald and ruby owe their colours to traces of chromium (pp. 107, 242). 

Many metals occur in crude oils. Some of the more abundant are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel. They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides, or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium (as in porphyrins). Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids. These compounds act as emulsifiers, and their presence is undesirable. 

Vanadium NMR may provide potentially useful information about complex structure, which might provide one of the best tools employed for shedding light on these and related systems (S1V natural abundance 99.78%).171... 

Vanadium is known to be essential, and is a constituent of some haloperoxidases as well as nitrogenases in some nitrogen-fixing organisms. It is particularly abundant in tunicates (a species of marine organisms) and in Amanita toadstools. 

The elements lithium ( T.i, Li), boron ( °B, and vanadium ( °V, come together with a lighter isotope of lower abundance than the heavier one and thus, they can be grouped together as X-1 elements (cf. Chap. 3.1.4). 

The proportions with respect to iron of vanadium-51, manganese-55 and cobalt-59, formed as manganese-51, cobalt-55 and copper-59, respectively, also agree with abundances observed in the Solar System. The overall coherence of this behaviour suggests that appropriate conditions for synthesis of iron peak elements should be sought in... 

Crude oil consists mainly of a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons with small amounts of metals-containing heterocyclic compounds. The most abundant metals found in oils are those contained in porphyrin or porphyrin-like complexes (nickel, copper, iron, and vanadium). These... 

DFCr systems appear to have the necessary metals tolerance to process residual oils and the abundant, cheaper, but heavily vanadium-contaminated, Venezuelan and Mexican crudes (1-4). Therefore, the dual function fluid cracking catalyst (DFCC) concept could lead to the generation of important catalysts for U.S. refineries should Middle East politics cause another sudden escalation in crude oil prices and availability. The concept is... 

The technique of solid-state NMR used to characterize supported vanadium oxide catalysts has been recently identified as a powerful tool (22, 23). NMR is well suited for the structural analysis of disordered systems, such as the two-dimensional surface vanadium-oxygen complexes to be present on the surfaces, since only the local environment of the nucleus under study is probed by this method. The nucleus is very amenable to solid-state NMR investigations, because of its natural abundance (99.76%) and favourable relaxation characteristics. A good amount of work has already been reported on this technique (19, 20, 22, 23). Similarly, the development of MAS technique has made H NMR an another powerful tool for characterizing Br 6nsted acidity of zeolites and related catalysts. In addition to the structural information provided by this method direct proportionality of the signal intensity to the number of contributing nuclei makes it a very useful technique for quantitative studies. 

Nickel and vanadium are the most abundant metals found in crude oil. Other metals, metalloids, and nonmetals including aluminum, arsenic, barium, calcium,... 

When the data for vanadium, nickel, cobalt, copper, and iron in petroleum of the Western Interior Region (15) shown below are divided by the average crustal abundance of these elements, the relation, V>Ni>Co>Cu>Fe is... 

Peter Zubovic. The coal is overlain by a black shale sequence which, in places, contains abundant pyritized marine fossils. Above the black shale there generally is a gray shale sequence. The thickness of the two units varies from place to place. The total thickness ranges from about 3-50 feet. I do not know the mineralogy of the shale. I suspect that there is a relation between the total thickness of the shale and the vanadium content of the coal. Parts of this area are being mapped at present, and in the near future we expect to have the data necessary to show if this suggested relation is valid. 

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