Vacuum hydrocracking

Feedstock Ethane Propane Butane naphtha Light Heavy Vacuum Hydrocrackate ... 

Properly speaking, steam cracking is not a refining process. A key petrochemical process, it has the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butadiene, butenes and aromatics (BTX) mainly from light fractions of crude oil (LPG, naphthas), but also from heavy fractions hydrotreated or not (paraffinic vacuum distillates, residue from hydrocracking HOC). 

Feedstocks for this very flexible process are usually vacuum distillates, deasphalted oils, residues (hydrotreated or not), as well as by-products from other processes such as extracts, paraffinic slack waxes, distillates from visbreaking and coking, residues from hydrocracking, converted in mixtures with the main feedstock. 

Absolute = 1.72 bar. Hydrocracked vacuum gas oil. Maximized ethylene product. Nonaromatic. 

Product separation for main fractionators is also often called black oil separation. Main fractionators are typically used for such operations as preflash separation, atmospheric crude, gas oil crude, vacuum preflash crude, vacuum crude, visbreaking, coking, and fluid catalytic cracking. In all these services the object is to recover clean, boiling range components from a black multicomponent mixture. But main fractionators are also used in hydrocracker downstream processing. This operation has a clean feed. Nevertheless, whenever you hear the term black oil, understand that what is really meant is main fractionator processing. 

Reflux overhead vapor recompression, staged crude pre-heat, mechanical vacuum pumps Fluid coking to gasification, turbine power recovery train at the FCC, hydraulic turbine power recovery, membrane hydrogen purification, unit to hydrocracker recycle loop Improved catalysts (reforming), and hydraulic turbine power recovery Process management and integration... 

Vacuum gas oils 650-1050T 343-5GG°C Feeds to FCCU and hydrocracker... 

Gas oil is a heavier petroleum fraction than kerosine. It can be obtained from the atmospheric distillation of crude oils (atmospheric gas oil, AGO), from vacuum distillation of topped crudes (vacuum gas oil, VGO), or from cracking and hydrocracking units. 

Heavy fractions (e.g., vacuum gas oils) and residues HDP might involve both, hydrotreatment and hydrocracking operations. HDT, in this case, is a feed pretreatment, for preparation to another process unit, which might be a HCK unit. This process combination, HDT-HCK can be used on Cycle Oil (FCC, coker), VGO (SR and coker) and SR residues (atmospheric and vacuum). It can be carried out in a single reactor with more than one catalyst, or in more than one reactor. 

Chang, J., Tsubaki, N., Fujimoto, K., Elemental Sulfur as an Effective Promoter for the Catalytic Hydrocracking of Arabian Vacuum Residue. Fuel, 2001. 80(11) pp. 1639-43. 

Stanislaus, A., Absi-Halabi, M., Khan, Z., Influence of Catalyst Pore Size on Asphaltenes Conversion and Coke-Like Sediments Formation During Catalytic Hydrocracking of Kuwait Vacuum Residues, In Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. 1996, Elsevier New York, USA. pp. 189-197. 

Landau, M.V., Vradman, L Valtchev, V., Lezervant, J., Liubich, E and Talianker, M. (2003) Hydrocracking of heavy vacuum gas oil with a Pt/H-beta/ A1203 catalyst effect of zeolite crystal size in the nanoscale range. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 2773-2782. 

Pait of the hydrocracked liquid was vacuum distilled into the fractions defined previously. Initially, a distillation was carried out for each of the 19 experiments, but later a sample was taken tom the product combined tom each of the duplicate experiments making up the contact The various fractions were stored in screw cap vials in a refrigerator. For the GC analysis, a sample of each of the fractions was used as an approximately 1% solution (v/v) in cyclohexane. 

Gas oils Utilized as straight-run distillate after desulfurization. Lighter atmospheric and vacuum gas oils are often hydrocracked or catalytically cracked to produce gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel fractions heavy vacuum gas oils can be used to produce lubestocks or as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) feedstock... 

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