Vacuum closed-loop system

Use closed-loop systems for pickling regenerate and recover acids from spent pickling liquor using resin bed, retorting, or other regeneration methods such as vacuum crystallization of sulfuric acid baths. 

Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum stripping can simultaneously treat groundwater and soil contaminated with VOCs. The system developed by AWD Technologies consists of two basic processes a vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat contaminated ground-water and a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that provides simultaneous in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil with no air emission. 

Figure 4-5 A closed loop system which can operate under either vacuum or pressure.

When a fluid other than air is used, the carrier gas usually must be recycled. Such a closed-loop system is shown in Figure 4-5. This can be operated wilh a vacuum or a positive pressure. 

Dense-phase conveying, also termed "nonsuspension" conveying, is normally used to discharge particulate solids or to move materials over short distances. There are several types of equipment such as plug-phase conveyors, fluidized systems, blow tanks, and, more innovative, long-distance systems. Dilute-phase, or dispersed-phase conveyors, are more versatile in use and can be considered the typical pneumatic conveying systems as described in the literature. The most accepted classification of dilute-phase conveyors comprises pressure, vacuum, combined, and closed-loop systems. 

Dilute-phase pneumatic conveying systems (a) pressure system, (b) vacuum system, (c) combined system, and (d) closed-loop system. 

Classical thermodynamics, with its infamous second law, rigorously applies during the excitation discharge phase of the closed current loop system, since the system itself is diabolically designed to continuously and forcibly restore itself into equilibrium with its active environment by killing its own source dipole gusher of vacuum energy flow as fast as it powers its loads and losses. 

Those are, in fact, the requirements for electrical power systems exhibiting COP > 1.0. Such open systems in disequilibrium with their active vacuum are permitted indeed, every dipolar circuit already is in such disequilibrium. Such a system can also be close-looped to power itself and its load. For instance, an open dissipative system with COP = 2.0, can use 1.0 of its COP to power itself, and the other 1.0 to power the loads and losses [98]. This is no different from the operation of a windmill, except that the electrical system operates in an EM energy wind initiated from the vacuum by the source dipole. We point out that powering a system actually need only be powering its internal losses if the source dipole is maintained. 

There are two basic types closed-cycle and open-cycle. In a closed-cycle system, warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater are used to vaporize and condense the working fluid such as ammonia, which then drives the turbine generator in a closed loop. In an open-cycle system, surface seawater is flash-evaporated in a vacuum chamber, and the resulting low-pressure steam drives a turbine-generator. Cold seawater is then used to condense the steam after it has passed through the turbine. The open cycle, therefore, can be configured to produce fresh water as well as electricity. 

Fig. 6.2-30 Two vacuum batch fluid-bed units with closed loop and solvent recovery systems (courtesy Glatt, Binzen, Germany) Fig. 6.2-31 Diagrams of the principle and outline of a fluid-bed granulator with solid rotating bottom plate (courtesy Glatt, Binzen, Germany)...

Fig. 6.2-30 Two vacuum batch fluid-bed units with closed loop and solvent recovery systems (courtesy Clatt, Binzen, Germany)...

The machine should have the screw diameter D > 30 mm, with length to diameter ratio L/D > 40. The extmder must provide an easy access to the reactive medium as well as the quenching capability with either screw or barrel removal. It must be fully instrumented with temperature and pressure sensors all along the barrel. It should offer the possibility of working under dry inert atmosphere, and have the capability of closed-loop control operation with an appropriate set of sensors. The machine should be equipped with a minimum of three feeders for solid and two for liquid ingredients. At least one vacuum system with cold trap is necessary. 

The form of the third diagram is determined by the factor in I hc factors 3, 6, and I follow from the symmetry character of the system. The first term is obtained as a result of connecting two line pairs of the third term in all the possible ways (namely, three). The second term is obtained by connecting any two lines of the third term, there are six such ways. These numerical factors axe called symmetry factors. The first term with two closed loops is referred to as a vacuum graph since it has no external lines. The term with one closed loop has two external lines (two factors J), while the last one has four such lines (four factors J). 

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