Vaccines, research and development

Girard, M. P., Steele, D., Chaignat, C. L., and Kieny, M. P. (2006). A review of vaccine research and development Human enteric infections. Vaccine 24, 2732-2750. 

World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. State of the Art of New Vaccines Research and Development. Geneva WHO. 

Girard M P, Osmanov S K, Kieny M P (2006). A review of vaccine research and development The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Vaccine. In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 28 February 2006. 

Scientific, Technical and Economic Aspects of Vaccine Research and Development... 

An excellent overview of ongoing research activities for vaccines is provided by the Jordan Reports issued by the US National Institutes of Health [1]. According to the latest issue of these reports, the number of vaccine R D projects in the United States in the year 2000 amounted to more than 500 projects. Almost one-third of these were various efforts to develop vaccines against AIDS. A list of the main target indications pursued by recent vaccine research and development efforts is given in Table 1. 

Scientific, Technical and Economic Aspects of Vaccine Research and Development 65 Tab. 2 Immunological challenges on the way toward new vaccines... 

An overview of a vaccine development process along with basic scientific, technical, and economic aspects of vaccine research and development is given in Chapter 4. Most of the contents of that chapter also apply to DNA vaccines and will not be repeated here. Rather, in the following section, we will concentrate more on regulatory quality and safety requirements for potential DNA vaccines. 

This research will interest DoD policymakers involved in research and development, acquisition, and medical use policy related to defense against CBW agents producers of drugs and vaccines for military use, especially for CBW defense FDA officials whose responsibilities have been reordered by the events of September 11, 2001 officials in the Department of Health and Human Services and in the Department of Homeland Security and the interested public. 

This research was sponsored by the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense and was carried out jointly by RAND s Center for Military Health Policy Research and the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of the National Defense Research Institute. The latter is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by OSD, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies in the fulfillment of national security objectives involving the development and acquisition of drugs and biologies, mostly vaccines, for CBW defense. 

The antigenicity, rather than the immunogenicity, should drive the research and development of new VLP-based vaccines and thus antibody reactivity tests should be performed as early in the process as possible. For example, a porcine parvovirus vaccine is composed of a single viral protein (VP2), which represents 95% of the native virus total protein and is able do induce antibody production in immunized animals (Rueda et al., 1999). In contrast, the human parvovirus B19 contains the exact same proportion of VP2 in the native virus but VLPs made solely of VP2 are unable to induce neutralizing antibodies (Brown et al., 1991 Tsao et al., 1996). In this case even a VLP containing VP1 and VP2 at a ratio of 1 24, respectively, which is very similar to that of the native virus, was not... 

Research and Development of Vaccines and Pharmaceuticals from Biotechnology... 

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