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Paper utilization rate

Recovered paper utilization rate, in percent, is the amount of recovered paper used as raw material in the paper industry, in tons, divided by paper production, in tons, on an annual basis, multiplied by 100. [Pg.25]

Fig. 2.4 Recovered paper utilization rate and paper production in Asia, the CEPI countries and North America (2002) [1]. Fig. 2.4 Recovered paper utilization rate and paper production in Asia, the CEPI countries and North America (2002) [1].
Figure 2.4 shows the utihzation rate for the three largest paper production regions in the world where the paper industry uses 85% of the global recovered paper volume Asia, Europe and North America. Paper production in these three regions is between 90 and 100 million tons each, resulting in recovered paper utilization rates of roughly 57% in Asia, 47% in Europe and 38% in North America. [Pg.27]

The heuristic approach described in this paper utilizes linear statistical methods to formulate the basic hyperbolic non-linear model in a particularly useful dimensionless form. Essential terms are identified and others rejected at this stage. Reaction stoichiometry is combined with the inherent mathematical characteristics of the dimensionless rate expression t< reduce the number of unknown parameters to the critical few that must be evaluated by non-linear estimation. Typically, only four or five parameters remain at this point, and initial estimates are available for these. The approach is equally applicable to cases where the rate-limiting mechanism is known and where it is not. [Pg.292]

Fig. 2.3 Utilization rates of recovered paper of the 12 largest papermaking countries in the world (2002) [1],... Fig. 2.3 Utilization rates of recovered paper of the 12 largest papermaking countries in the world (2002) [1],...
Utilization rates for different countries should not be compared without further comment. It is important to know the structure of the production program of the different national paper industries in the main product categories of packaging papers and board, graphic papers, household and hygiene papers as well as specialty papers because the utilization rates for these product segments differ significantly. [Pg.27]

Fig. 2.6 Recovered paper utilization and collection rates vs. utilization rate in CEPI countries (2002) [1]. Fig. 2.6 Recovered paper utilization and collection rates vs. utilization rate in CEPI countries (2002) [1].
Fig. 2.7 Development of recycling rate and recovered paper utilization in the CEPI countries (1991-2002) [6]. Fig. 2.7 Development of recycling rate and recovered paper utilization in the CEPI countries (1991-2002) [6].
Before undertaking a discussion of the mathematics involved in the determination of reaction rates is undertaken, it is necessary to point out the importance of proper data acquisition in stability testing. Applications of rate equations and predictions are meaningful only if the data utilized in such processes are collected using valid statistical and analytical procedures. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss the proper statistical treatments and analytical techniques that should be used in a stability study. Some perspectives in these areas can be obtained by reading the comprehensive review by Meites [84], the paper by P. Wessels et al. [85], and the section on statistical considerations in the stability guidelines published by FDA in 1987 [86] and in the more recent Guidance for Industry published in June 1998 [87],... [Pg.154]

Electrochemical techniques have been utilized for many years to study metal corrosion. Two of these techniques, linear polarization (LP) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), complement each other, LP providing corrosion rates under conditions where the surface is minimally altered and CV furnishing information about the corrosion mechanism. With the advent of impedance spectroscopy (IS), both kinds of information can be gleaned simultaneously and more rapidly, while leaving the surface almost intact. In this paper, we discuss the application of IS to the study of rapid steel corrosion and describe a study we undertook to elucidate the roles played by adsorption and film formation in the inhibition mechanisms of the above-named compounds. For comparison, we also investigated two quaternary nitrogen salts, which appear to adsorb electrostatically and presumably do not form macroscopic films (8). [Pg.636]

This paper evaluates the applicability of the modified precipitation rate equation in predicting the discharge duration of a calciting well compared to the observed utilization history and the results of the conservative method from direct deposition of excess calcite. Three wells in Mindanao Geothermal Production Field (MGPF) with documented output decline due to calcite deposition were studied, namely APOID, SP4D, and MD1D. [Pg.59]

Mechanisms of Sorption Processes. Kinetic studies are valuable for hypothesizing mechanisms of reactions in homogeneous solution, but the interpretation of kinetic data for sorption processes is more difficult. Recently it has been shown that the mechanisms of very fast adsorption reactions may be interpreted from the results of chemical relaxation studies (25-27). Yasunaga and Ikeda (Chapter 12) summarize recent studies that have utilized relaxation techniques to examine the adsorption of cations and anions on hydrous oxide and aluminosilicate surfaces. Hayes and Leckie (Chapter 7) present new interpretations for the mechanism of lead ion adsorption by goethite. In both papers it is concluded that the kinetic and equilibrium adsorption data are consistent with the rate relationships derived from an interfacial model in which metal ions are located nearer to the surface than adsorbed counterions. [Pg.6]


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