Utilization chains

Drilling Applications. Drilling equipment utilizes chain drives in various applications on the drilling rig itself and its auxiliary equipment. The drives for this type of equipment are called compound drives. Such drive equipment are subject to vary severe operational loads. Table 3-24 gives the typical service factors for these chain drives [16]. 

Determining Factors for the Logistics of Industrial Utilization Chains for Renewable Raw Materials... 

Storage can be carried out at the place of harvesting, that is, in the forests or on the fields, in transfer storage places or at the point of utilization. The individual configuration and placement of the storage and-if necessary the needed facilities-is dependent on the specifics of the particular utilization chain, especially the environment, the raw material characteristics and the specific harvesting, transport and utilization steps. 

Facility Location Planning and Determining the Logistical Structure of a Renewable Raw Material Utilization Chain... 

Still opportunities for the investigated new processes for a material or energetic use of renewable resources exist. Nevertheless, there is and in future will be an enforced competition of these investigated utilization chains concerning resources. Utilization chains based on agricultural (main) products are in a competition with... 

Many of the utilization chains which are currently developed compete between them as well as with aheady established or enforced usages of the same resource. 

On the output side renewable raw material utilization chains compete against established products and have, at least in a long term perspective, to be competitive with these. If subsidies and tax exemptions are neglected, production costs of such products have to allow to sell these products at the same prices as the competitors, perhaps with small additions for ecological or functional benefits as they can be found, for example, for organic food. 

The named competition exists also concerning the ecological and social performance of the utilization chains. In order to justify subsidies or tax exemptions for the development and implementation of processes or a differentiation against competing products, these benefits have to be demonstrated. 

A bioresource can be used multibranched—to produce one main product and one or more coproducts. Furthermore, after food consumption and after substantial utilization of a biobased product, some of the components of the original product may be used again. In this way bioresources can be used in cascades. Examples are shown in Ref. 30. However, utilization never can be repeated unlimited, since losses occur in each step.The final stage in the bioresource utilization chain is either energetic utilization or disposal. 

As maintenance residues secondary bioresources are generated on green areas such as large parks, lawns, sport places, and dikes if harvested as genuine fractions in significant amounts under controlled conditions. For harvest and collection, the follow-up steps in the utilization chain should be considered in order to gain the maintenance residues in ample quality in terms of purity and fireshness. 

To evaluate the efficiency of bioresource utilization chains, easy and comprehensive standardized methodologies have to be established. Since all bioresource utilization chains— the paper chain, the food chain, and others—are very complex, they have to be simplified. One simplified option is shown in Figure 7.4 for the paper chain. Although in Chapter 7, Section 2.4 a lot of data from various sources from all stages of the paper chain were provided, the data collection is stiU not comprehensive enough for a chain evaluation. To define, which data are needed and how they could be provided in an open and structured way is a challenge for the future. With progress in statistical data documentation, evaluation can improve as the accuracy of data improves. 

First, the destructive property of fission reactions made uranium a metal of fundamental strategic importance, increasing research in some nations, but the revolution came with the plan for the real possibility of utilizing chain reactions for energy production in place of conventional fuels. 

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