Industrial utilization chains

Determining Factors for the Logistics of Industrial Utilization Chains for Renewable Raw Materials... 

Cardanol, a main component obtained by thermal treatment of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is a phenol derivative having mainly the meta substituent of a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with one to three double bonds as the major. Since CNSL is nearly one-third of the total nut weight, a great amount of CNSL is obtained as byproducts from mechanical processes for the edible use of the cashew kernel. Only a small part of cardanol obtained in the production of cashew kernel is used in industrial fields, though it has various potential industrial utilizations such as resins, friction-lining materials, and surface coatings. Therefore, development of new applications for cardanol is very attractive. 

Because of the future increased industrial utilization of lithium, a higher release of this element into the human environment (air, soil, water, flora, fauna) may occur than at present, and thus there will be a greater exposure of humans via the food chain. 

The only industrially important processes for the manufacturing of synthetic benzaldehyde involve the hydrolysis of benzal chloride [98-87-3] and the air oxidation of toluene. The hydrolysis of benzal chloride, which is produced by the side-chain chlorination of toluene, is the older of the two processes. It is no longer utilized ia the United States. Other processes, including the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, the reduction of benzoyl chloride, and the reaction of carbon monoxide and benzene, have been utilized ia the past, but they no longer have any iadustrial appHcation. 

Nearly all of the benzyl chloride [100-44-7], henzal chloride [98-87-3], and hen zotrichl oride /P< -(97-i manufactured is converted to other chemical intermediates or products by reactions involving the chlorine substituents of the side chain. Each of the compounds has a single primary use that consumes a large portion of the compound produced. Benzyl chloride is utilized in the manufacture of benzyl butyl phthalate, a vinyl resin plasticizer benzal chloride is hydrolyzed to benzaldehyde hen zotrichl oride is converted to benzoyl chloride. Benzyl chloride is also hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol, which is used in the photographic industry, in perfumes (as esters), and in peptide synthesis by conversion to benzyl chloroformate [501-53-1] (see Benzyl ALCOHOL AND p-PHENETHYL ALCOHOL CARBONIC AND CARBONOCm ORIDIC ESTERS). 

Selection and insteillation of an integrated air pollution control system do not end the concern of the utility industry. Maintenance and operational problems of the system are considered by many engineers to be the weak link in the chain of power generation equipment (6). The reliability of the... 

The extensive industrial and commercial utilization of water-soluble polymers (polyelectrolytes) in water treatment has been developed based on the charge along the polymer chains and the resultant water solubility. The use of water-soluble polymers in water treatment has been investigated by several authors [5-26] in the recovery of metals radioactive isotopes, heavy metals, and harmful inorganic residues. This allows recycling water in the industrial processes and so greatly saves... 

Effective utilization of a critical technology requires a much closer collaboration throughout the whole chain in which the material is used. Critical technologies evolve and develop over a long period, and so they can support a broad industrial base. This relationship creates a certain inertia with respect to revolutionary change, but it certainly indicates that it is very important to stimulate and maintain evolutionary change. 

Dextran was chosen to study for the following reasons. First, it is water soluble allowing three dimensional modification employing aqueous solution and classical interfacial condensation routes. Second, it is readily available in industrial quantities. Third, it is available in a range of molecular weight allowing product modification to be studied as a function of dextran chain size. Fourth, it is generally considered to be an under-utilized natural feedstock. 

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