Using Bioseparations

In this section, the wide range of industries using bioseparation techniques are briefly reviewed. 

Bioseparations are essential in the manufacture of high-volume, low-value bulk pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals such as antibiotics and vitamins, where economies of scale are used to ensure commercial competitiveness. At the opposite end of the pharmaceutical product spectrum, genetically engineered therapeutic proteins of extremely high value are produced at very small scale. 

The competitive nature of the food and beverage industry and the need for continued improvements in cost-effective manufacturing have provided an impetus for companies to develop and use new bioseparation techniques at very large scales, for example, freeze-drying in coffee production and continuous centrifugation in brewing. 

Many food industry innovations are now slowly being adopted by pharmaceutical manufacturers as they also come under increasing pressure to help reduce health care costs. 

Examples of commonly used bioseparations include sedimentation, coagulation, and filtration. The scale of operation for such bioseparation processes is considerable, because of the volumes of effluent which are processed and the throughputs required. Proprietary aerobic digesters such as the Deep Shaft process may use centrifugation to recover biomass from the treated effluent for recycle as an inoculum for the digester or to reduce the quantity of water before sending the solid material either to incineration or land fill. 

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F. Tjerneld and G. Johansson, Aqueous two-phase systems for biotechnical use, Bioseparation 1990, 1, 255-263. 

In the industries using bioseparations described above, there is a great variation in terms of production scale and product quality between waste water treatment and pharmaceutical production. This will obviously affect the choice of equipment for the process, although in many cases the principle on which bioseparation is based will be common. For example, centrifuga-... 

Manufacturing approaches for selected bioproducts of the new biotechnology impact product recovery and purification. The most prevalent bioseparations method is chromatography (qv). Thus the practical tools used to initiate scaleup of process Hquid chromatographic separations starting from a minimum amount of laboratory data are given. 

Techniques used in bioseparations depend on the nature of the product (i.e., the unique properties and characteristics which provide a handle for the separation), and on its state (i.e., whether soluble or insoluble, intra- or extracellular, etc.). All early isolation and recovery steps remove whole cells, cellular debris, suspended solids, and colloidal particles, concentrate the product, and, in many cases, achieve some degree of purification, all the while maintaining high yield. For intracellular compounds, the initial harvesting of the cells is important... 

Thickeners and binders such as acacia, agar, starch, sodium alig-nate, gelatin, methyl cellulose, bentonite, and silica are used to improve product stability and enhance the convenience of the administration of a liquid formulation. Surface-active agents, colors, flavors and preservatives may also be used in the final formulation (Garcia et ah. Bioseparation Process Science, Blackwell Science, Malden, Mass., 1999, p. 374). 

Artolozaga, M. J., Jonas, R., Schneider, A. L., Furlan, S. A., and Carvalho-Jones, M. F., One step partial purification of fi-D-ga lactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus CDB 002 using STREAMLINE-DEAE, Bioseparation, 7, 137, 1998. 

Igwe, J.C. and Abia, A.A., A bioseparation process for removing heavy metals from wastewater using biosorbents, African Journal of Biotechnology, 5 (12), 1167-1179, 2006. 

The use of the Poisson distribution for this purpose predates the statistical overlap theory of Davis and Giddings (1983), which also utilized this approach, by 9 years. Connors work seems to be largely forgotten because it is based on 2DTLC that doesn t have the resolving power (i.e., efficiency or the number of theoretical plates) needed for complex bioseparations. However, Martin et al. (1986) offered a more modem and rigorous theoretical approach to this problem that was further clarified recently (Davis and Blumberg, 2005) with computer simulation techniques. Clearly, the concept and mathematical approach used by Connors were established ahead of its time. 

Tissue paper products, 13 129-130 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) bioseparation from mammalian cell culture, 3 821-826 peptide map, 3 841, 842 selling price, 3 817t Tissue reactions, to sutures, 24 218 Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and hemostatic system, 4 89 human, use as thrombolytic agent,... 

SMB have been used for many bioseparation problems. These problems are reviewed in the next sections and include ... 

In the use of supercritical carbon dioxide for bioseparations, Johnston et a/. 51 have reported that proteins can be solublised in reverse micelles formed in carbon dioxide. In general, bioseparations can offset the high cost of attaining the necessary pressures since the products are of high value, they are present in the broth in low concentrations and conventional solvents often lead to recovery problems. 

To compete in this arena, biofuel cells must take advantage of inherent biocatalytic properties that cannot be duplicated by conventional technology. Among these key properties are (1) activity at low temperature and near-neutral pH, (2) chemical selectivity, and (3) potentially low-cost production using fermentation and bioseparation technologies. To the extent possible, these properties must be exploited with minimal compromise of power density and stability. This constraint leaves one major class of conventional applications suitable for biofuel cells small fuel cells for portable power. 

The reason for this is not clear. In contrast, copolymers of NIPAAM with N-t-butyl acrylamide (NTBAAM) exhibited LCSTs that were lowered as a linear function of the comonomer input ratio. Copolymers with N-n-butyl acrylamide (NNBAAM) displayed similar behavior up to 40% NNBAAM, but then the LCST dropped abruptly fron 17 C to below zero. The use of these copolymers in diagnostics and bioseparations is discussed. 

A wide variety of parameters can directly affect the chemical and physical characteristics of a plasma, which in turn affect the surface chemistry obtained by the plasma modification. Some of the more important parameters include electrode geometry, gas type, radio frequency (0-10 ° Hz), pressure, gas flow rate, power, substrate temperature, and treatment time. The materials and plasmas used for specific biomedical applications are beyond the scope of this text, but the applications include surface modification for cardiovascular, ophthalmological, orthopedic, pharmaceutical, tissue culturing, biosensor, bioseparation, and dental applications. 

Liquid column chromatography is the most commonly used method in bioseparation. As shown in Figure 11.6, the adsorbent particles are packed into a column as the stationary phase, and a fluid is continuously supplied to the column as the mobile phase. For separation, a small amount of solution containing several... 

Separation by Chromatography 175 Table 11.1 Liquid column chromatography used in bioseparation. 

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