Urine-washing

Urine-washing in Lesser Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) (courtesy Helga Schulze ). 

Milton K. (1985). Urine-washing behavior in the Woolly Spider Monkey (Brachyteles). Z Tierpsychol 67, 154-160. 

Although this procedure tends to eliminate many reineckates which are insoluble under more acidic conditions, the choline content of samples so determined is at best only relative. Further studies have shown that the reineckate obtained from rat liver is contaminated with another component. Acetone solutions so prepared were applied to filter paper strips and developed chromatographically with n-butanol saturated with water they were resolved into two spots, one having an i2/ value of 0.00 and the other 0.7. The Rf value of recrystallized choline reineckate is 0.00 under these conditions. The nature of the faster moving component is unknown. This has been observed in reineckates obtained from methanol extracts of peanut meal, rat urine, and human urine. Washing the precipitate in the funnel, with relatively large amounts (20-30 ml.) of 0.10 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCl saturated Avith choline reineckate and n-propanol, does not remove the contaminant. 

In 20 liters of human urine is dissolved 1,200 grams of sodium benzoate (6% weight by volume). The solution is acidified with aqueous hydrochloric acid (assay about 7.5% HCI) to a pH of 4.5 resulting in a heavy precipitation. This requires 10% of the original urine volume, or about 2 liters of aqueous hydrochloric acid. The suspension is stirred 20 minutes and is then allowed to stand for about 30 minutes. The mixture so obtained is filtered on a Buchner funnel that has been prepared with a precoat of benzoic acid crystals over filter paper. The filter cake is washed with a saturated benzoic acid solution, then sucked dry. The benzoic acid cake with the adsorbed urokinase weighs 2,060 grams. 

Toilet accommodation encompasses the provision of water closets, urinals, washbasins and/or washing troughs and, depending on a particular trade or occupation, the provision of baths and/or showers. Provision of toilet accommodation is specified under Acts of Parliament, British Standards, regulations and HM Inspector of Factories. 

In healthy individuals, the bladder, ureters and urethra are sterile and sterile urine constantly flushes the urinary traet. Organisms invading the urinary traet must avoid being detached Ifom the epithelial surfaces and washed out during urination. In the male, since the urethra is long ica. 20 cm), bacteria must be introduced directly into the bladder, possibly through eatheterization. In the female, the urethra is much shorter... 

The only element that was discovered in body fluids (urine). This is plausible, as P plays a main role in all life processes. It is one of the five elements that make up DNA (besides C, H, N, and 0 evolution did not require anything else to code all life). The P-O-P bond, phosphoric acid anhydride, is the universal energy currency in cells. The skeletons of mammals consists of Ca phosphate (hydroxylapatite). The element is encountered in several allotropic modifications white phosphorus (soft, pyrophoric P4, very toxic), red phosphorus (nontoxic, used to make the striking surface of matchboxes), black phosphorus (formed under high pressures). Phosphates are indispensable as fertilizer, but less desirable in washing agents as the waste water is too concentrated with this substance (eutrophication). It has a rich chemistry, is the basis for powerful insecticides, but also for warfare agents. A versatile element. 

Airborne dusts settle onto food, water, clothing, and other objects, and may subsequently be transferred to the mouth. A more recent study suggests that lead, applied to the skin as lead acetate or lead nitrate, was rapidly absorbed through the skin and was detected in sweat, blood, and urine within 6 hours of application (Stauber et al. 1994). In this study, 4.4. mg of lead was applied to the skin under a covered wax/plastic patch on the forearms of human subjects of the applied dose, 1.3 mg of lead was not recovered from skin washings. The amount that actually remained in (or on) the skin and the mass balance of the fate of this lead was not determined it may have been dermally absorbed or eliminated from the skin by exfoliation of epidermal cells. Thus, while this study provides evidence for dermal absorption of lead, it did not quantify the fraction of applied dose that was absorbed. The quantitative significance of the dermal absorption pathway as a contributor to lead body burden remains uncertain. 

Abdominal washings, ascitic fluids, bronchial washings, bronchoalveolar lavages, colonic washings, duodenal washings, gastric washings, pleural fluids, pericardial fluids, ovarian cyst fluids, synovial fluids, sputa, and urines. 

The protocol consisted of preconditioning with methanol (1 mL) followed by water (1 mL). Urine samples (3 mL) were deconjugated by treatment with /3-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase (10 jt/L and 200 fig/fiL) in 0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.5) and then loaded onto conditioned cartridges. After washing with water (1 mL) and methanoksodium acetate (3 mL, 4 6, pH 5.5), the PAH metabolites were eluted with dichloromethane (3 mL). The eluate was spiked with dodecane (used... 

Urine Extract with hexane successively wash with water, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and water GLC/ECD No data >90 Fowler 1969b... 

In 1952 Carsten (Cl) developed a method, which allowed him to isolate and characterize several lower peptides contained in normal and pathological urine. According to this procedure, urine was desalted on the Amberlite IR-100 column and the adsorbed substances washed out with 2 M ammonia solution. The eluate was then passed through the column of Amberlite IRA-400. This column retained the ampholytes and rejected the weak bases. The former were recovered by elution with 1 M hydrochloric acid and the eluate was subsequently fractionated on Dowex 50 resin with 2M and later 4M hydrochloric acid as the eluents. By applying two-dimensional paper chromatography to further analysis of... 

Mice were weighed on a weekly basis. Urine was collected in acid-washed containers for each seven days. Feces were collected daily and composited weekly. The animals were fed daily and feed intake was determined weekly by differential weighing. Glass-distilled water was given ad libitum. 

Urine (2 1.) in a porcelain basin is evaporated to a syrup on the water bath. The flame is extinguished and the hot syrup is stirred with 500 c.c. of alcohol. After some time the clear extract is decanted and the residue is again warmed and once more digested in the same way with 500 c.c. of alcohol. If necessary, the combined extracts are filtered, most of the alcohol they contain is removed by distillation, and the aqueous-alcoholic residue, after transference to a small porcelain basin, is evaporated to dryness on the water bath. The dry residue is well cooled and is kept in an efficient freezing mixture while two volumes of colourless concentrated nitric acid are slowly added with thorough stirring. After the product has stood for twelve hours, the paste of urea nitrate is filtered dry at the pump, washed with a little ice-cold nitric acid (1 1), again filtered with suction till no more liquid drains off, and suspended in 100-150 c.c. of warm water. To this suspension barium carbonate is added... 

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