Urine, metal concentrations

Biomonitoring of environmental and occupationally relevant trace and ultratrace metals (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pt, V and Zn) in human serum and urine was carried out using ICP-SFMS at different mass resolutions by Begerow et cd 41 Whereas the elements free from isobaric interferences (Cd, Mn, Pb, Pt and Tl) were measured at low mass resolution (ml Am = 300), the determination of Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, V and Zn was performed in the medium mass resolution mode (m/Am = 3000).41 Trace metal concentrations (Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zr) in serum and blood samples from patients with Alzheimer s disease and healthy individuals measured by ICP-SFMS were compared by et al42 An increment of Hg and Sn in serum, higher levels of Co, Li, Mn and Sn and lower levels of Mo in blood were found in Alzheimer s disease samples.42... 

The RMBC assessed its regional public-health priorities and developed the following nine demonstration projects on the basis of the needs of the community possible correlation of exposure to arsenic in drinking water and type 2 diabetes, a spot blood metals-analysis feasibility study, health-clinic samples for chemical-terrorism baselines, of relationship between urine arsenic and metal concentrations and drinking-water exposure, assessment of exposure to VOCs from subsurface volatilization, cotinine concentrations associated with environmental tobacco smoke, assessment of exposure to mercury from ingestion of fish, analysis of radionuclides in urine, and biomonitoring of organophosphorus pesticides in urine (Utah Department of Health 2006). 

Blood or urine Mn concentrations are good indicators of exposure. Adult reference values for blood Mn are 0.4 to l.lng/mL (7.0 to 20.0nmol/L) for serum or plasma and 7.7 to 12.1ng/mL (140 to 220nmol/L) for whole blood. Typical daily excretion of Mn in urine is from 0.2 to 0.5 Llg/day. However, approximately 5% of normal people excrete up to 2 ig of the metal per day, probably because of greater than average exposure. 

Blood, plasma, scrum or urine can all be used for measurement, and in some cases it may also be helpful to measure the metal concentration in other tissues such as hair. The action limits for metals in plasma and urine are shown in Table 1. 

Table 9.10 Metal concentrations (ng/g) in synovial fluid, serum and urine. Median (range) (Karrholm et ai, 1994)...

As part of a study funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and conducted by the Department of Environmental Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, urine samples were collected from nearly 350 individuals known to be occupationally exposed to particulate metal fumes. One phase of this study included analyses of the samples for urinary metals concentrations (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ee, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in order to investigate the relationship between particulate metal fume exposure and urinary metals concentrations, validate the use of this biomarker as an indicator of exposure, and contribute to the further investigation of specific exposure-response relationships. In order for the results of these analyses to have adequate significance to this study, an analytical method was required that would be sufficiently sensitive to achieve quantifiable results even at low-ppt concentrations with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The methodology used in this investigation utilized an ICP-MS fitted with a dynamic reaction cell to reduce many... 

Assessing sodium concentration is of clinical relevance as low urine sodium concentration may indicate dehydration, while a relatively high urine sodium concentration suggests acute renal failure. Lvova and coworkers (2009) proposed an E-tongue composed of chemical sensors to detect urinary system dysfunctions and creatinine levels. The electrochemical system was composed of miniaturized metallic sensors and ISEs with PVC solvent polymeric membranes. The device enabled the correct classification of urine samples from healthy volunteers, according to creatinine levels and to predict the creatinine content of urine. 

The answer is b. (Hardman, pp 1324,1668. KatzmigT p 1009J Deferoxamine is the treatment of choice in acute Fe overload when the plasma concentration of Fe exceeds the total Fe binding capacity It has a high affinity for loosely bound Fe in Fe-carrying proteins such as ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin. The metal complex is excreted in the urine. 

Serious cases of tellurium intoxication have not been reported from industrial exposure. Iron foundry workers exposed to concentrations between 0.01 and O.lmg/m complained of garlic odor of the breath and sweat, dryness of the mouth and metallic taste, somnolence, anorexia, and occasional nausea urinary concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.06 mg/1. Somnolence and metallic taste in the mouth did not appear with regularity until the level of tellurium in the urine was at least 0.01 mg/l. Skin lesions in the form of scaly itching patches and loss of sweat function occurred in workers exposed to tellurium dioxide in an electrolytic lead refinery. ... 

Not all agents can be readily metabolized. The toxic metals lead and mercury are elements that cannot be degraded but must still be removed from the body. Another important mechanism of detoxification is the attachment or binding of another compound to a toxic chemical to make it easier for the kidney to filter the compound out of the blood and excrete it in the urine. A primary purpose of the kidney is to screen the blood for waste products and concentrate them in the urine for excretion, as occurs, for example, with mercury. Caffeine is excreted in the urine at approximately the same concentration as the blood because the kidney cannot concentrate caffeine. Vitamins, however, are readily concentrated and excess quickly eliminated in the urine. 

Bemacki et al. 1978 Torjussen and Andersen 1979). Although high levels of nickel were found in the urine of a man who died of adult respiratory distress syndrome 13 days after being exposed to a very high concentration of metallic nickel (Rendall et al. 1994), it is not clear if metallic nickel would be absorbed from healthy lungs. 

Mechanism of Action A chelating agent that reduces blood concentration of heavy melals, especially lead, forming stable complexes. Therapeutic Effect Allows heavy metal excretion in urine. 

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