Ureteric

Dp Pelvic lymph nodes or ureteral Np Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or... 

Bilateral orchiectomy, or removal of the testes, rapidly reduces circulating androgens to castrate levels (andro-stenedione less than 50 ng/mL, 1.7 nmol/L).15 However, many patients are not surgical candidates owing to their advanced age, and other patients find this procedure psychologically unacceptable.15 Orchiectomy is the preferred initial treatment in patients with impending spinal cord compression or ureteral obstruction. 

Nephrostomy Insertion of a catheter through the skin into the renal pelvis to bypass ureteral obstruction and facilitate urine drainage. 

Locally invasive prostate cancer is associated with ureteral dysfunction or impingement, such as alterations in micturition (e.g., urinary frequency, hesitancy, dribbling). 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum function and contractile consequences in ureteric smooth muscles... 

FIG. 1 Simultaneous recording of the action potential (bottom trace), Ca2+ transients (middle trace) and force (top trace) in (A) guinea pig and (B) rat ureteric smooth muscle. (A, taken from Burdyga Wray 1997 B, taken from Burdyga Wray 1999a.)... 

Thus it appears that the ureter will be a very useful tissue for examining the role and mechanisms of InsP3- or RyR-dependent Ca2+ release and signalling. Before discussing this further, however, we will return to examining the importance of the SR Ca2+ store to ureteric function. 

Burdyga TV, Wray S 1999b The effect of cyclopiazonic acid on excitation-contraction coupling in guinea-pig ureteric smooth muscle role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Physiol 517 855-865... 

Burdyga TV, Taggart MJ, Crichton C, Smith GI, Wray S 1998 The mechanism of Ca2+ release from the SR of permeabilised guinea-pig and rat ureteric smooth muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 1402 109-114... 

Prishchepa LA, Burdyga TV, Kosterin SA 1996 Two components of sodium azide-insensitive Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport in ureteral smooth muscle membrane structures (translated from Russian). Biokhimiia 61 1250—1256 Rose JG, Gillenwater JY 1973 Pathophysiology of ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol 225 830-837... 

Spasmolytics. N-Butylscopolamine (p. 104) is used for the relief of painful spasms of the biliary or ureteral ducts. Its poor absorption (N.B. quaternary N absorption rate <10%) necessitates parenteral administration. Because the therapeutic effect is usually weak, a potent analgesic is given concurrently, e.g., the opioid meperidine. Note that some spasms of intestinal musculature can be effectively relieved by organic nitrates (in biliary colic) or by nifedipine (esophageal hypertension and achalasia). 

Siloxane-containing devices have also been used as contact lenses, tracheostomy vents, tracheal stents, antireflux cuffs, extracorporeal dialysis, ureteral stents, tibial cups, synovial fluids, toe joints, testes penile prosthesis, gluteal pads, hip implants, pacemakers, intra-aortic balloon pumps, heart valves, eustachian tubes, wrist joints, ear frames, finger joints, and in the construction of brain membranes. Almost all the siloxane polymers are based on various polydimethylsiloxanes. 

Anticholinergic effects Use with caution in patients with a history of urinary retention, urethral or ureteral spasm narrow-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, or increased intraocular pressure. 

Renal colic Pilocarpine may increase ureteral smooth muscle tone and could theoretically precipitate renal colic (or ureteral reflux ), particularly in patients with... 

Greiner R, Skaleric C, Veraguth P. The prognostic significance of ureteral obstruction in carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1977 2 1095-1100. 

Some adverse reactions lead to organ fibrosis for instance in the lungs, peritoneum or of mucous membranes in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Then other treatments of these conditions may be needed which can include even surgery, for example, to free ureteric obstruction or to correct vaginal stenosis. 

Mechanism of Action A parasympathetic, anticholinesterase agent that inhibits destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase, thus causing accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Results in an increase in cholinergic responses such as miosis, increased tonus of intestinal and skeletal muscles, bronchial and ureteral constriction, bradycardia, and increased salivary and sweat gland secretions. Therapeutic Effect Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. 

Ureteral obstruction and spinal cord compression have been observed. An immediate orchiectomy may be necessary if these conditions occur. 

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