Upland indicators

For Delaware Estuary, inputs from all upland sources are aggregated as total inputs. Entries indicated as not determined (nd) or small are assumed to be zero in calculations na = not applicable. Net export calculated by difference (net export = total inputs — N storage in water column — total losses). Modified from Dettmann (2001). 

Gossypium hirsutum, a tetraploid, has been developed in the United States from cotton native to Mexico and Central America and includes all of the many commercial varieties of American Upland cotton. Upland cottons now provide over 90%i of the current world production of raw cotton fiber. The lengths, or staple lengths, of the Upland cotton fiber vary from about I to l in. (22-36 mm), and the micronaire value (an indicator of fiber fineness and maturity but not necessarily a reliable measure of either see Chapter 8) ranges from 3.8 to 5.0. If grown in the United States, G. hirsutum lint fibers are 26-30 mm (1 to 1-3/16 in.) long [20]. Fiber from G. hirsutum is widely used in apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. 

Fig. 7. Watershed rank range runs for upland and lowland species richness groups as indicators...

Fig. 9. Poset Cl level in relation to rank range mn sequence for watersheds with upland/lowland species richness indicators...

These observations suggest robustness in the nature of the patterns, and a sharpening of the patterns with increasing concordance of indicators. The rank correlation (after Spearman) is 0.411 between upland and lowland in-... 

The soil environment is the one most commonly affected by explosives wastes, primarily because (1) spill sites and disposal areas (e.g., bum pits) at packing and production facilities are predominantly in upland areas and (2) most explosive compounds are solids with low aqueous solubility. Extensive groundwater contamination is associated primarily with wastewater lagoons and leach pits at production and packing facilities. Table 7.3 indicates the primary constituents of waste streams. 

This estimate is compared to the specific activity of likely sources (upland and marine) in Table XIII. It appears that neither material scoured from the mud-water interface of Long Island Sound nor material eroded from the upland surface is an allowable source, since only material from beneath these surfaces is of sufficiently low activity. It is relatively difficult to effect deep (18-20 cm) erosion of submarine sediment in Long Island Sound, but common for upland soil to erode deeply, especially when land is disturbed by agriculture or construction. This indicates that the source of low-specific-activity inorganic matter is the eroding subsurface material of the watershed. 

During the last decade, information on the organic phosphorus composition of soil solutions and water extracts has been obtained by phosphatase hydrolysis. This technique not only gives structural information on filterable organic phosphorus, but also indicates its potential biological availability. In solution from Scottish upland soils, up to 64% of the filterable organic phosphorus was hydrolysed by non-specific phosphatases (Shand and Smith, 1997), while hydrolysable unreactive phosphorus in water extracts of Australian pasture soils was dominated by phosphate diesters and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (Turner et al., 2002a). Only small concentrations of labile monoesters were detected in the latter study, possibly due to the rapid hydrolysis of labile compounds by soil phosphatase enzymes. 

Transformer Contaminants added to a wetland can also be transformed and released as different or complexed compounds, or as new compounds to the aquatic ecosystem downstream. Because wetlands receive runoff from upland ecosystems, the changes in wetlands can be used as an indicator of upland ecosystem s health. ... 

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