Unit operations, control production monitoring

Economic analysis performed for refineries in certain markets have calculated that the benefit of being able to increase kerosene and jet fuel production yield was an improvement of 3-6 cents per barrel over previous operational conditions. On an 180000 barrel per day crude unit this equates to a benefit of 2000000-4000000 per year. Several other refiners are utilizing NMR analyzers on the feed and products of crude units for control and optimization, AGIP has an NMR analyzer for monitoring the feed. 

Once APMs have been created in the AIMS, a process control and monitoring software (PCMS) module can be constructed that provides for two-way communication between a database that contains the APMs and the instrument control software. This software allows for the retrieval of APM data from the AIMS by a production scientist and transfer to the instmment control software. Electronic transfer of APMs between unit operations in this manner allows for (a) charting of APM progress on the production floor and (b) collection of APM audit data. The PCMS will facilitate maximal process control for the automated chemical synthesis platform. Functionalities for the array information management and process control management software are summarized in Table 3. 

In this Section, the proposed wavelet PCA approach is applied to the monitoring problem of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process. Tennessee Eastman process, which was developed by Downs and Vogel (1993), consists of five major unit operations a reactor, a condenser, a vapor-liquid separator, a recycle compressor, and a product stripper. Some disturbances are programmed for researching the characteristics of the control system, listed in Table 1. 

The degree of the instrumentation of pharmaceutical unit operations has increased. This instrumentation provides information on the state of the process and can be used for both process control and research. A central part of optimizing production is increasing the level of automation. Besides monitoring the process parameters, a number of approaches are being developed for measuring the moisture of the product to determine the end point of the process, and consequently the in-process particle size analysis. A number of publications discuss the on-line moisture measurement and process end point determination using near-infrared (NIR). 

Viscosity of Milk. - The ability to monitor viscosity is essential for control of unit operations and for assuring product quality. This is particularly true in milk products as viscosity is an important parameter determining mouth feel which is perceived by the eonsumer as an indicator of quality. Recent works has demonstrated the use of miniaturaized NMR based measurement for the characterization of wide range of shear rates in a signal measurement. Several varieties of milk and milk substituted products are characterized via miniaturized MRI viseometer. 

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