Unique Operating Parameters

In Sorbex terminology, a gasoline Molex unit is classified as a low purity and low recovery Sorbex unit since typical purity and recovery targets are greater than 85% n-paraffin purity while operating at greater than 90% feed n-paraffin recovery. 

The naphtha processed by a gasoline Molex unit typically has a Enger distillation (D86) with an initial boiling point (IBP) of 26°C and end point (EP) of 82°C. Table 8.3 lists the typical components found in naphtha with their corresponding calculated research octane numbers (RON) and shows why nCs and nCc are undesirable in a gasoline pool due to their low RON value [8]. 

A refiner has many operation mode choices if the required octane number of the pool can be met by recycle of the methlypentanes, the refiner can choose 

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Very recently, Matusiewicz [42] presented an overview of the different microwave-based systems used for solid and liquid sample pretreatment. It includes relevant publications relating to current research, the unique instmmental approach and the various commercially available systems and their operating parameters and... 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

Protein processing systems for concentration and/or purification offer a very broad range of application which may be tailored to a given protein product purification scheme. The particular apparatus and operating parameters employed must be selected and refined to the unique requirements of any given protein as well as those of the broth in which it occurs. 

Perhaps the most important advance in commercial thermal analysis instrumentation during the past 10-12 years has been the use of microprocessors and/or dedicated microcomputers to control the operating parameters of the instrument and to process the collected experimental data. This innovation is by no means unique to thermal analysis instrumentation alone since these techniques have been applied to almost every type of analytical instrument. Unfortunately, the automation of thermal analysis has not become a commercial reality. Complete automation is defined here as automatic sample changing, control of the instrument, and data processing. Such instruments were first described by Wendlandt and co-workers in the early 1970s (See Chapters 3 and 5) although they lacked microprocessor control of the operating conditions. 

DeNOx - Scope of the model analysis was to evaluate on a quantitative basis the effective dependence of the intrinsic activity of the monoliths on the thermal sintering, and separate it from the contributions of inter-phase mass transfer and the effect of morphological modifications on intra-porous diffusion. When excess ammonia is present, as in the case of the experiments herein analyzed, then the Ealy-Rideal kinetic expression which is contained in the model of the SCR reactor reduces to a first order dependence on NO concentration under such conditions, an unique adaptive parameter, kc, accounts for the DeNOx intrinsic activity. Estimation of kc for the three calcined catalysts was obtained by fitting the model to each set of experiments. Input data included the operating conditions, the geometrical... 

Supercritical fluid extraction is another method used in PHA recovery. Supercritical carbon dioxide is widely used, due to its high solubility with other compounds. It is safe (low toxicity and reactivity) and convenient to use. Furthermore, supercritical fluids possess the unique properties of high densities and low viscosities, making them a suitable choice of solvent for extraction. The efficiency of this extraction method is highly dependent on the optimisation of the operating parameters, such as temperature, pressure, modifier as well as the exposure times [8]. 

Retention and selectivity in SFC may be varied by varying all four significant chromatographic operating parameters (Table 9.2) so that the possibilities for multidimensional SFC are much increased, beyond those in other techniques. The advantage of high resolution for high-MM and thermally labile compounds makes SFC unique. 

Fractional gas holdup is an indication of the effective interfacial area in any gas-liquid system. Detailed discussion on fractional gas holdup in stirred reactors is available in Section 7A.5. Analogous to other parameters, the gas holdup is also a function of the operating parameters (superficial gas velocity, type of impeller and its size/position in the reactor, etc.) and system properties (liquid-phase viscosity, surface tension, solid density and loading, presence of surfactant, etc.). As discussed in Section 7A.5, YawaUcar et al. (2002a) have been able to obtain a unique correlation for the gas holdup using the concept of relative dispersion N/N ... 

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