Ugine Kuhlmann process

The ATOCHEM process utilizes the reaction among ketone, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. The process is also called the Ugine Kuhlmann process. The process obtains azine in high yields via the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of ketone-ammonia system in the presence of nitrile (RCN). This synthesis route bypasses chlorination. 

The Ugine Kuhlmann process uses hydrogen peroxide instead of sodium hypochlorite as a raw material and eliminates the capital and energy costs for crystallizing the by-product NaCl produced in the conventional processes. The capital and the manufacturing costs are estimated to be reduced by 10 percent with the Ugine Kuhlmann process. 

In the initial thiocyanate-complex Hquid—Hquid extraction process (42,43), the thiocyanate complexes of hafnium and zirconium were extracted with ether from a dilute sulfuric acid solution of zirconium and hafnium to obtain hafnium. This process was modified in 1949—1950 by an Oak Ridge team and is stiH used in the United States. A solution of thiocyanic acid in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is used to extract hafnium preferentially from a concentrated zirconium—hafnium oxide chloride solution which also contains thiocyanic acid. The separated metals are recovered by precipitation as basic zirconium sulfate and hydrous hafnium oxide, respectively, and calcined to the oxide (44,45). This process is used by Teledyne Wah Chang Albany Corporation and Western Zirconium Division of Westinghouse, and was used by Carbomndum Metals Company, Reactive Metals Inc., AMAX Specialty Metals, Toyo Zirconium in Japan, and Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann in France. 

Now chemists at the Central Research Laboratories of Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann (PCUK) at Lyons, France, developed beginning in 1970, under the direction of Dr F. Weiss, a novel continuous process for manufg hydrazine. The process is based on the discovery that ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and a carbonyl compd, such as methyl ethyl ketone, react in presence of an amide and catalytic quantities of a phosphate to form an azine intermediate. This intermediate hydrolyzes quantitatively to hydrazine and to carbonyl compd which is recycled. The yield is claimed to be better than 75%... 

Commercial production of hydrazine from its elements has not been successful. However three processes are available for the commercial production of hydrazine 1) The Raschig Process, 2) The Raschig/Olin Process, 3) The Hoffmann (urea) Process, 4) Bayer Ketazine Process, and 5) the Peroxide process from Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann (of France). 

In the PCUK process (introduced by Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann), ammonia is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a ketone. A ketazine is formed as in the ketazine process, which is then processed similarly. Ketones with many different substituents, even aldehydes,... 

Extruded structural foams are produced with conventional extruders and a specially designed die with an inner, fixed torpedo located at the center of its opening. The extrudate from this die is hollow. The outer layer of the extrudate cools and solidifies to form solid skin the remaining extrudate expands toward the interior of the profile. The Celuka process, developed by Ugine-Kuhlmann [93], is widely used commercially. 

The use of perpropionic add as an epoxidation agent for propylene has been proposed by BayeriDegussa, Interox (Carbochimique, laporte, Sofray) and Ugine Kuhlmann. The perpropionic add is produced by the oxidation of propionic add with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of sulfuric acid. The propylene is epoxidized between 05 and 1.4.106 Pa absolute, at about 60 to 80°C, in the Bayer/Degussa process, which operates in the presence of benzene, and at 100°C in the Interox process, which uses 12-dichloropropane as a solvent. 

The Union Carbide process starting with cydohexane, which is first converted to cyclohexanone, which is in tnm oxidized to caprolactooe. This compound is then converted to caprolactam by the action of ammonia, at 4O0°C, under 17.106 Pa absolute pressure. Cyclohexanone is oxidized around 50 C, at normal pressure, by means of peracetic add, in the presence of acetaldehyde, which is oxidized to acetic add. The plant built by Union Carbide was shut down shortly after its construction. Variants have been proposed by Degussa, Toa Gosei and Ugine Kuhlmann without industrial success. 

Bauer, R. A., and B. P. Vidon. 1978. The Ugine Kuhlmann Pressure Process, Chemical Engineering Progress, 74 68-69. 

SOLNOX A process for manufacturing nitric acid developed by Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann. 

The Bergbau or Bayer Process is somewhat similar to the Ugine Kuhlmann technology where a ketazine intermediate is formed. The... 

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