Tyrian color

Turba speaks about it as follows Lay it in Gold when it will become an elixir, that is his Tincture, and it is a beautiful Water extracted from many tinctures, it gives life and color to all whom it is given to take. Further the Turba continues The Tyrian color red is the very best after that comes a costly Purple color, and this is the true Quicksilver it brings a sweet savor, and is a genuine Tincture. From this it is sufficiently to be seen that all Philosophers not only ascribe the beginning of the art to Quicksilver, but the Middle and perfect end as well. 

The glorious Rule of Sol flavus is 40 to 42 days more with the temperature increased to between 100°C and 12EC (212°F to 250°F). In a moment the Tyrian color comes. It is a sparkling red oil of fiery Vermillion. Alchemists call it the Red Rose the perfect fixation and perfection the Red Poppy of the Rock and the precious tincture. This is at last the Philosophers Stone or Third Stone . When powder forms from the solution, the alchemist slowly increases the temperature to 150°C (SOOT). 

As early as 2500 bce m India indigo was used to dye cloth a deep blue The early Phoenicians discovered that a purple dye of great value Tyrian purple could be extracted from a Mediterranean sea snail The beauty of the color and its scarcity made purple the color of royalty The availability of dyestuffs underwent an abrupt change m 1856 when William Henry Perkin an 18 year old student accidentally discovered a simple way to prepare a deep purple dye which he called mauveme from extracts of coal tar This led to a search for other synthetic dyes and forged a permanent link between industry and chemical research... 

Textile dyes were, until the nineteenth century invention of aniline dyes, derived from biological sources plants or animals, eg, insects or, as in the case of the highly prized classical dyestuff Tyrian purple, a shellfish. Some of these natural dyes are so-caUed vat dyes, eg, indigo and Tyrian purple, in which a chemical modification after binding to the fiber results in the intended color. Some others are direct dyes, eg, walnut sheU and safflower, that can be apphed directly to the fiber. The majority, however, are mordant dyes a metal salt precipitated onto the fiber facUitates the binding of the dyestuff Aluminum, iron, and tin salts ate the most common historical mordants. The color of the dyed textile depends on the mordant used for example, cochineal is crimson when mordanted with aluminum, purple with iron, and scarlet with tin (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES). 

Kermisic Acid. Many accounts claim that kermisic acid [476-35-7] (Cl Natural Red 3 Cl 75460) is the oldest dyestuff ever recorded (23). The name kermes is derived from an Armenian word meaning Httle worm for which the later Latin equivalent was vermiculus, the basis of the Knglish word Vermillion. The dye was obtained from an oriental shield louse, K. ilicis which infest the holm o5kQuercus ilex and the shmb oak. coccifera. The dye produces a brilliant scarlet color with an alum mordant. Although expensive, it was cheaper than its rival Tyrian Purple. It was in great demand until the sixteenth century when it was displaced by carminic acid. 

Tyrian Purple was the most expensive and rare dye of the ancient world principally because only a small amount of dye could be obtained from each moUusk, roughly 0.12 mg (95). It was always considered a color of distinction and restricted to regal and ecclesiastical uses ia the Eastern Roman Empire, the heir to the throne at By2antium bore the proud name Porphjro-Genitur, bom to the purple. The Hebrews used purple ia many decorations of the Tabernacle (23). 

Type metal, 3 53, 24 798 Type N hydrated lime, 15 29 Type S hydrated lime, 15 29 Type V gel-silica, 23 75-76 Type VI gel-silica, 23 76 Tyrian purple color, 7 332 Tyril, 7 639 D-Tyrosine... 

The appreciation of color and the use of colorants dates back to antiquity. The art of making colored candy is shown in paintings in Egyptian tombs as far back as 1500 bc. Pliny the Elder described the use of artificial colorants in wine in 1500 bc. Spices and condiments were colored at least 500 years ago. The use of colorants in cosmetics is better documented than colorants in foods. Archaeologists have pointed out that Egyptian women used green copper ores as eye shadow as early as 5000 bc. Henna was used to redden hair and feet, carmine to redden lips, faces were colored yellow with saffron and kohl, an arsenic compound, was used to darken eyebrows. More recently, in Britain, in the twelfth century, sugar was colored red with kermes and madder and purple with Tyrian purple. 

The most famous halogenated bis-indole is Tyrian purple, the dibromo analog of indigo (1). This colorful mollusc metabolite, which was the major component of the ancient dye, continues to receive attention (1369-1374). Additional studies of Tyrian purple from various molluscs have revealed the presence of 6,6 -dibromoin-dirubin (1441) (1375), 6-bromoindigotin (1442) (1375, 1376), 6-bromoisatin (1443) (1377, 1378), 6-bromoindoxyl (1444) (1378), 1445 (1378), 1446 (1378), 6-bromoindirubin (1447) (1379), and 6 -bromoindirubin (1448) (1379). The bromi-nated indirubins are potent and selective kinase inhibitors (1379). A direct-exposure... 

Clark RJH, Cooksey CJ (1997) Bromoindirubins The Synthesis and Properties of Minor Components of Tyrian Purple and the Composition of the Colorant from Nucella lapillus. J Soc Dyers Colour 113 316... 

Dyes are intensely colored compounds used in fabrics, plastics, inks, and other products. Dyes were originally extracted from plants or animals and used to color cloth. For example, red carmine (page 2) was extracted from cochineal insects, and blue indigo (the dye used in blue jeans) was extracted from plant material. Both of these dyes are now synthesized in large quantities. The Romans extracted the indigo derivative Tyrian purple (imperial purple) from a sea snail and used the dye to color the robes of emperors and high-ranking senators. 

Dyes were also prepared from certain marine animals, such as the Tyrian purple (royal purple) color used by the Roman emperors. Production of these dyes was very limited in quantity and they were very expensive. Only a limited amount of material could be made from the collected shelled animals. This typically was reserved for royalty and persons of rank. 

In the past, it was assumed that Tyrian purple was used for dyeing this coronation robe. However, Max Saltzman (University of California, Los Angeles) doubted that it was a purple dyeing. He obtained a small piece of a thread from the coronation robe in the Weltliche Schatz-kammer of the Vienna Hofburg. In my laboratory and in that of Max Saltzman, by means of several color reactions, we were able to prove that this dyeing was produced with a red insect-derived dyestuff. 

From ancient times, mankind was enchanted by the marvelous colors arising from the treatment of cloth with the natural dyes extracted from various animals or plants. As early as the 13th century B.C., Phoenicians knew how to manufacture indigoid dyes (Tyrian purple) from the secretions of certain Mediterranean Sea mollusks. To produce 1 gram of the dye, 10000 animals were required for a lengthy and laborious procedure. Its price was up to 10-20 times its weight in gold. 

The symmetrical dibromoderivative of indigo is the dye called Tyrian purple by the Greeks. It was obtained by them from a certain variety of mollusc. Thio-indigo has a reddish-blue color, it contains two sulphur atoms in place of the NH groups in indigo. 

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