Tyre technology

The energy absorbing properties of a rubber are of tremendous importance in vehicle tyre technology. The different parts of a tyre are constructed of rubbers of different loss absorption. 

In order to minimise the heating, the tyre should be correctly inflated, the vehicle not overloaded, and the vehicle driven at a speed not above the maximum recommended by the tyre manufacturer. 

For this reason, the sidewalls of a tyre are constructed of rubber with the least energy loss. When cost is not a factor, this means the use of a special low loss rubber such as polybutadiene. However, it is important to recognise that cost is often a factor, and many less expensive tyres have sidewalls constructed of cheaper natural rubber, with consequent higher heat generation and more severe restrictions on vehicle speed. 

However, low loss rubbers like polybutadiene are extremely resilient, which means that articles constructed of them (like rubber balls) tend to bounce very readily. Obviously, we do not want a vehicle that bounces its way along the road, so for the contact tread area we need a rubber that absorbs shocks without bouncing, and so adheres to the road. For this purpose we need a high loss rubber, and again, where cost is not a factor, a special rubber, like butyl rubber, is used. Such rubbers give better road adhesion, particularly in the wet. Once again, it is necessary to note that cheaper tyres, with the tread constructed of natural rubber, are more prone to skid on wet roads than are those constructed with a tread of special high loss rubber. 

Finally, for cost saving, the carcase, or body, of the tyre, which is neither deformed nor in contact with the road, can be constructed of the cheapest effective rubber, which is natural rubber. 

---

Amp K. Chandra, Tyre Technology—Recent Advances and Future Trends, (Paper no. 40) presented at the Fall 170th Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cincinnati, OH, 10-12 October, 2006. 

Since the advent of the first rubber lining, research and development work continued and today s rubber technology took a different shape from eraser-to-tyre technology to a more sophisticated high technology discipline known as anticorrosive rubber or... 

Although frequently used with organo-silane treatments, these fillers have not traditionally been pre-coated, the in situ method of addition being preferred (see Chapter 4). Largely due to developments in tyre technology, some pre-coated products are now becoming available. 

The authors wish to acknowledge the Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Technology MARA Shah Alam and Continental Sime Tyre Technology Centre, Malaysia where some parts of the experimental works being carried in both organizations. 

In the press section the individual rolls are hard or soft covered. The press nip (Fig. 6.7) is created either by two profiled rolls or by a combination of one profiled and one plain roll. Covers with high open surface area, similar to tyre technology, offer the necessary storage capacity for the water squeezed out in the press nip. The various surface designs include grooves, blind drilled holes or suction holes as well as combinations of these. 

Rubber and Plastics News 18thOct.l989, p.Special Issue, p.lO OEMS EXPECT REFINEMENT IN TYRE TECHNOLOGY... 

Our company is dedicated solely to metal-ceramic X-ray tubes since 25 years over this time, we have made lots of different tube models especially for tyre inspection systems. The major reasons for the use of metal-ceramic tubes in this inspection technology are robustness, their small and individual shapes, and the frequent need for modifications of their design due to custom designed systems. 

G. CoraHo, "Historical Review of Light-Duty Tyre Carcass Reinforcement and the State of Current and Next Generation Technology," Conference Preprints ACS, PuhherTdivision, Philadelphia, Pa., May 1995, p. 13. 

The bulk properties of a polymer ean often be altered considerably by the incorporation of additives. Probably the most well-known examples of this occur in rubber technology where variations in the choice of additives can produce such widely differing products as tyres, battery boxes, latex foam upholstery, elastic bands and erasers. It is also possible to achieve variations as extensive as this amongst plastics materials, in particular with PVC from which rigid rainwater piping, baby pants, conveyor belting, footballs and domestic insulating flex may all be prepared. 

Schuring, D. J. (1980). The Rolling Loss of Pneumatic Tires. Ruhher Clhcmistiy and Technology. 83 600-727. Tabor, D. (1994). The Rolling and Skidding of Automobile Tyres. Physics Education 29 301-306. 

Elastomers, of which vulcanized natural rubber is the most important example, also undergo dramatic changes in mechanical properties when filled with particulate solids. In part, knowledge of this particular type of system has been developed empirically as the technology of car-tyre manufacture has advanced. 

Vivek Bhandari and Amp K. Chandra, Trends in Tyre Materials, Manufacturing and Technology, Paper presented at INDIA RUBBER EXPO—2007, Chennai, India, 17-20 January. 2007. 

Conan t F.S, The Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company, Akron Ohio, Physical Testing of Vulcanizates, Rubber Technology Second Edition, 1973 by Maurice Morton, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY. 

Surimi Technology, edited by Tyre C. Lanier and Chong M. Lee... 

Pyrolysis of tyres is a feasible, yet technically difficult operation. The handling of the remnants of the steel carcass, the carbon black, the zinc oxide, as well as the tendency to repolymerize of the major products are serious stumbling blocks. Various rubber pyrolysis technologies have been developed, using, e.g. fluid bed, rotary kiln (Sumitomo Cement), molten salts, or cross-flow shaft systems (WSL/Foster Wheeler). 

Likewise, another company whose technology may be based on a patent described in this chapter is T.R. Environtech Co. Ltd (www.trrecycling.co.kr). A Korea-based firm, their website mentions that their technology is based on the work performed by the person who some years earfier invented Patent US 4,118,282. However, even though the company claims to have a process for the low temperature pyrolysis for tyre waste and rubber waste , the website does not mention microwaves as the heat somce for the process. 

A. M. Cunliffe and P. T. Williams, Properties of chars and activated carbons derived from the pyrolysis of used tyres. Environmental Technology, 19, 1177-1190 (1998). 

---