Typhus

Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics. effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, also against Rickettsiae (typhus fever) and certain other organisms. 

The value of insecticides in controlling human and animal diseases spread by insects has been dramatic. It has been shown that between 1942 and 1952, the use of DDT in pubHc health measures to control the mosquito vectors of malaria and the human body louse vector of typhus saved five million hves and prevented 100 million illnesses (4). Insecticides have provided the means to control such important human diseases as filariasis transmitted by Culex mosquitoes and onchocerciasis transmitted by Simulium blackflies. 

Hydroxymethyl-6-methyluracil (1043) was prepared many years ago from 6-methyl-uracil and formaldehyde, or in other ways. Since 1956 it has received much attention in the USSR under the (transliterated) name pentoxyl or pentoxil. It is used in several anaemic and disease conditions. For example, a mixture of folic acid and pentoxyl quickly reduces the anaemia resulting from lead poisoning pentoxyl stimulates the supply of serum protein after massive blood loss it stimulates wound healing it stimulates the immune response in typhus infection and it potentiates the action of sulfonamides in pneumococcus infections (70MI21300). 

Flcckfieber, n. spotted fever, specif, typhus, fleckig, a. spotted, speckled, stained, mottled, flawy freckled. — — warden, spot, stain. Fleck Schlerling, m. poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). seife,/. scouring soap. stein,... 

Typhus-, typhus, typhous typhoid, -gift, nl typhus (or typhoid) virus, typlsch, a. typical, typisieren, v.t. standardize. 

The tetracyclines are a group of anti-infectives composed of natural and semisynthetic compounds. They are useful in select infections when die organism shows sensitivity (see Chap. 7) to the tetracyclines, such as in cholera, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and typhus. 

These antibiotics are effective in die treatment of infections caused by a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. The tetracyclines are used in infections caused by Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and tick fevers). Tetracyclines are also used in situations in which penicillin is contraindicated, in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, and in some skin and soft tissue infections. Oral... 

Amongst the diseases caused by rickettsiae are epidemic typhus, trench fever and murine typhus, caused by R. prowozefa) R. quintana a.nA R. typhi, respectively. Q-fever is caused by Coxiella burned. 

Diseases which careful scientific study indicates are subject to control by insecticides include malaria, plague, epidemic typhus, murine typhus, and enteritis due to Shigella. 

Recalling the three million people who had died of typhus after World War I, Geigy also developed DDT products to kill lice. After studying Muller s compound, a Swiss typhus expert confirmed DDT s usefulness in killing the typhus carriers. Next, DDT was tested on pest-ridden Italian refugees in Swiss internment camps and on soldiers in the Swiss Army. 

A winter outbreak of typhus had been stopped for the first time in history. DDT also halted a flea-borne plague epidemic in West Africa a dengue fever epidemic on Saipan in the West Pacific and a typhus epidemic during the U.S. occupation of Japan in late 1945. When the Allies liberated German concentration and labor camps, their lice-laden inmates were dusted with DDT before they were evacuated. Typhus had been a major cause of death in the camps. The commander of Auschwitz, where three million... 

Alfred E. Cornebise. Typhus and Doughboys The American Polish Typhus Relief Expedition, 1919-1921. Newark, DE University of Delaware Press, 1982. The con-don sanitaire. 

Harry Fiss. The Interpreter. New York Times Magazine. May 2, 1999, p. 96. Source for typhus in Auschwitz. 

Gaines M. Foster. Typhus Disaster in the Wake of War The American-Polish Relief Expedition, 1919-1920. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 55 (1981) 221-232. 

Anne Hardy. Urban Famine or Urban Crisis Typhus in the Victorian City. Medical History. 32 (1988) 401-425. Source for the decline of typhus in Western Europe. 

Paul Muller. Histoire du D.D.T. Les Conferences du Palais de la Decouverte, Univer-site de Paris. Alengon Maison Poulet-Manlassis, 1948. Source for mothproofing campaign Swiss food shortages typhus defined and DDT not omnipotent. 

M. D. Nettleman. Biological Warfare and Infection Control. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 12, no. 6 (June 1991) 368-372. Source for typhus description. 

K. David Patterson. Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870-1940. Medical History. 37 (1993) 361-381. Source for the Russian epidemic Irish famine known treatments typhus defined and laundresses. 

Harry Wain. A History of Preventive Medicine. Springfield IL Charles C Thomas, 1970. Source of Napoleon and typhus, and typhus description. 

DDT applications During the Second World War DDT was used to combat typhus and malaria, which was achieved with relatively small amounts [Turusov et al (2002)]. After the war DDT was used for the control of pest in agriculture and forests, and in health programs. Accumulated total use of DDT between 1950 and 1993 was approximately 2 600 000 tonnes [Voldner and Li (1995)]. Among the... 

One of the Farben drugs, Methylene Blue, had been developed in the hope of curing people who had typhus. Dr. Mertens department at Leverkusen had sent several hundred doses of this unproved drug to faraway Auschwitz. There the shipment was received by a young doctor named Vetter who had lately worked for Mertens. Vetter had chosen healthy concentration camp inmates and injected the typhus disease, which struck the veins like a bolt of fire. When the disease had reached its delirious stage, he had injected the drug. Vetter had sent a full report to Dr. Mertens. 

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