Types of Carbohydrates

FIGURE 5.5. (a) Commercial sugar (Wikimedia Commons), (b) Chemical structure of 

Polysaccharides are long-chain molecules, which also form biopolymers. The two most important representatives are starch and cellulose. 

Cellulose-Based Fibers—Cotton, Ramie, and Hemp 

Ramie is an herbaceous perennial flowering plant growing 1-2.5 m tall and is native to eastern Asia. Ramie produces 10% more fiber than cotton and flax when grown on the same land area. It is one of the 

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The dark circles represent 0-linked carbohydrate and the dark squares represent /V-1inked carbohydrate. Both types of carbohydrate are added after... 

Carbohydrates. Oilseeds contain two types of carbohydrates (qv) soluble mono- and oligosaccharides and largely insoluble polysaccharides. ... 

Many different types of carbohydrate-containing molecules are located on the surface of microbial cells. Some of these are components of die microbial cell wall and are limited to certain types of micro-organisms such as bacterial peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, techoic adds and yeast mannans. Other polysaccharides are not... 

The above review on the uses of the CP/MAS NMR techniques in the study of the structural and reactivity properties of various types of carbohydrates and aromatic polymers indicates that despite their limitations, the methods have a wide range of applications. 

Three types of carbohydrate sample have been reported to give data above mass 4000, namely, permethylated polysaccharides, permethylated glycosphingolipids, and naturally acylated forms of a mycobacterial O-methyl-D-glucose polysaccharide. All are hydrophobic, and desorption is probably facilitated by their inability to form strongly hydrogen-bonded aggregates, either with themselves or with the matrix. 

Structures and Types of Carbohydrate-Amino Acid Linkages. 4... 

C-5, C-3, C-2, C-4, and C-6 of a-D-mannopyranose. There is very little / -D-mannopyranose present. Peaks 14,15,16,19, and 24 (see Fig. 4) can readily be assigned to a-D-glucopyranose. These results corroborated the findings by other researchers as to the types of carbohydrates present in glucoamylase.104... 

It is also believed by some workers that the ability to utilize certain fats may be related to the type of carbohydrate that is present in the diet. In the present review, the evidence concerning these various relationships will be presented. 

Carbohydrates are literally hydrates of carbon, containing only the elements carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. In the human diet, they are considered macronutrients, along with proteins and fats (triacylglycerols). The three types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 

The nucleotides of RNA and DNA consist of three components a carbohydrate, a phosphate group and an organic nitrogenous base. There are two types of carbohydrate molecule in nucleic acids, both of which are D-pentoses, i.e. contain five carbon atoms. The carbohydrate in RNA is ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose, which has a hydrogen atom instead of a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon in the 2 position (Figure 13.1). 

CBH I 497 core-BA aa sequence in part from protein and in full from gene (cbhl), number and location of SS bridges, region of O-glycosylation, types of carbohydrate, papain cleavage site, hydrophobic cluster analysis, computer model of active site, 2D-NMR on a synthetic tail fragment, SAXS on whole CBH I, head domain and xylan/CBH I complex... 

Wood is composed of two different types of carbohydrate materials, which differ greatly in their ease of hydrolysis. They are hemicellulose, which is easily hydrolyzed, and alpha cellulose, which hydrolyzes slowly. 

In this Section, the nature of the linkages between the protein chain and the carbohydrate moieties in glycoproteins will be considered, and some indication of their occurrence will be given. It will become clear that, in a number of examples, a given polypeptide chain is glycosidically substituted at more than one point. Sometimes, the amino acid residue at two such points is of a different type, so that more than one type of carbohydrate-peptide bond occurs in the same protein, It is likely that more examples of this kind of structure will be found as more features of the constitution of glycoproteins involved in membranes and connective tissue are determined. 

III. Polypeptide Chains Carrying More Than One Type of Carbohydrate-peptide Linkage... 

The possibility of categorizing glycoproteins according to the nature of the carbohydrate-peptide bond contained has been suggested.38 To some extent, this method is possible, but, as was pointed out, it does not result in a rigid classification, for examples are known in which more than one type of carbohydrate moiety is attached to a given polypeptide chain. 

Collagen and basement membrane may contain several types of carbohydrate-peptide linkage. They clearly contain linkages in which 5-hydroxy-L-lysine is involved, as already discussed (see p. 436). From the preparations studied were also isolated glycopep-tides in which an asparagine-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose linking moiety was present.1Bl-200... 

Liibke T, Marquardt T, von Figura K, Korner C (1999) A new type of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome due to a decreased import of GDP-fucose into the Golgi. J Biol Chem 274 25986-25989... 

In the preparation of affinity adsorbents, it is necessary to attach the ligand residues to insoluble supports by chemical bonds or physical interactions. Adsorbents having carbohydrate ligands have been prepared for the most part by chemical reaction of carbohydrate derivatives with the support material. Methods for the preparation of some types of carbohydrate derivatives are described in Section IV. Methods for the preparation of other derivatives of carbohydrates that may be suitable for synthesizing affinity adsorbents have been described in an article on neoglycoproteins.31... 

H. Lonn, Synthesis of a tetra- and a nonasaccharide which contain a-L-fucopyranosyl groups and are part of the complex type of carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins, Carbohydr. Res. 739 115 (1985). 

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