Types and Applications

As with other chromatographic techniques, there is no universal detector for HPLC. Based on their response, detection systems are classified as follows  

Solute-specific detectors , these are based upon the characteristic nature of the solute. For example the ability a solute might have to absorb fight at a given frequency whereas the solvent system does not. Among detectors of this type we note Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence, electrochemical (EC) and conductivity detectors. 

Bulk property detectors they make use of the variations in the characteristic properties of the bulk solution (the solvent or solvent mixture). Hence variations are the direct result of the elution of the solute. The most widely spread of these detectors is the refractive index (RI) detector. 

In some cases there is a need to modify the eluate in order for detection to occiu . In those instances, we refer to the following type of detection systems  

Desolvation detectors, these detectors imply that the elution solvent must he evaporated before the solute can be detected. These include FID and mass detectors (see HPLC-MS section). 

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Table 11. Types and Applications of Special Pigment Grades of Carbon Blacks...

Another distinction in impellers is the way the liquid traverses and leaves the impeller blades. This is called the Specific Speed, Ns. It is another index used by pump designers to describe the geometry of the impeller and to classify impellers according to their clesign type and application. By definition, the Specific Speed, Ns is the revolutions per minute (rpm) at which a geometrically similar impeller would run if it were of such a size as to discharge one gallon per minute at one foot of head. 

Adhesives are not used Just for structural applications on modern aircraft. In fact, the number of non-structural applications of adhesives vastly outnumbers the structural applications. Adhesives are used for everything from assembling lavatory walls to attaching the No Smoking sign to cabin partitions. Just a sampling of adhesive types and applications are discussed below. 

It comes to the fore when new design of buildings, plant, equipment or production processes is being considered. It is at this stage that the right specification must be made. Any shortfall in the thickness or error in the type and application details will prove costly to rectify at a later data. 

Today a wide range of modem water treatment processes and programs are available that have been developed and perfected to suit the many different types and applications of boilers now operating. These include the many high-pressure (HP) units around the world, which tend to be operated within extremely strict (often knife edge ) control parameters. 

Boiler Types and Applications 2.3.1.3 Water Tube Exit Gas Section... 

Elastomers come next in order of quantity sold worldwide. Like the previous categories, elastomers cover an extremely broad range of material types and application areas. They include cast elastomers, spray and rotational casting elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, microcellular elastomers, gels, and elastomeric fibers. Each type is covered separately.13d> 14... 

Pipe fittings are discussed in section 5.5.3, see also Perry et al. (1997). Valve types and applications are discussed in section 5.3. 

Depending on the gas type and application, different gas detection and sensor principles may be suitable. Beside the price, there are other parameters like accuracy, power consumption, long-term stability, lifetime, selectivity and sensitivity which have to be taken into account. However, whether a sensor is developed into a product depends on the relation between additional functionality and additional cost. In the subsequent chapters we intend to give an overview of common sensor principles and their potential use in household appliances. In order to give some information about existing (commercialized) sensors and sensor systems each subchapter is completed by an amendment listing a selection of relevant gas sensor products. 

Effect of pH, soil type, and application rate on carbofuran degradation in soils... 

Table 12.2 Effect of pH, Soil Type, and Application Rate on Carbofuran Degradation in Soils... 

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