Type-111 secretion system

Pallen M. J Beatson S. A., and Bailey C. M. (2005), Bioinformatics, Genomics and Evolution of Non-flagellar Type-111 Secretion Systems A Darwinian Perspectives FEMS Microbiol Rev. 29 201-229. 

Shortridge MD, Powers R (2009) Structural and functional similarity between the bacterial type 111 secretion system needle protein PrgI and the eukaryotic apoptosis Bcl-2 proteins. PLoS One 4(10) e7442... 

Recently, a non-fimbrial adhesin, SiiE, has been identified in S. enterica serovar T)q)himurim. Although little is known about SiiE, it has been found to mediate contact-dependent adhesion to HeLa cell surfaces (Gerlach et al., 2007). SiiE is a type 1 secretion system (TISS) secreted protein encoded m the Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 and might functionally resemble the type 1 fimbrial adhesins. More work is needed to elucidate the true role of SiiE in adherence in vivo. 

Gerlach, R. G., Jackel, D., Stecher, B., Wagner, C., Lupas, A., Hardt, W.-D., and Hensel, M. (2007). Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 encodes a giant non-fimbrial adhesin and the cognate type 1 secretion system. Cell. Microbiol. 9,1834-1850. 

Although plant and animal pathogens infect different hosts, there are several similarities in the strategies employed (Buckhout and Thimm, 2003). For example, Type III secretion systems can be found in both plant and animal pathogens. The Type III secretion system is... 

It is thought that cell surface components such as cellulose, flagella, pilli, and Type III secretion systems all play a role in cell attachment (Barak et al., 2005 Zogaj et al., 2001). Several genes and mechanisms have been identified as being involved in attachment of human pathogens to plants. These mechanisms include curli, fimbriae, adhesins, and capsule production (Barak et al., 2005, 2007). 

Zarivach, Raz, Marija Vuckovic, Wanyin Deng, B. Brett Finlay, and Natalie C. Strynadka. Structural Analysis of a Prototypical ATPase from the Type III Secretion System. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 14 (2007) 131-137. The researchers used X-ray crystallography and other techniques to describe the structure of a critical enzyme. 

FIGURE 23-24 The endocrine system of the pancreas. In addition to the exocrine cells (see Fig. 18—3b), which secrete digestive enzymes in the form of zymogens, the pancreas contains endocrine tissue, the islets of Langerhans. The islets contain a, /3, and S cells (also known as A, B, and D cells, respectively), each cell type secreting a specific polypeptide hormone. 

Many bacteria have a second complete secretion system.481 This multi-gene type II system is present but usually inactive in E. coli. A third (type III) system is present in many pathogenic bacteria, and has evolved for delivery of specialized structural and regulatory proteins into host cells.48c 48d... 

Cascales E, Christie PJ (2003) The versatile bacterial type IV secretion systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 1 137-149... 

Cirillo, D., Valdivia, R., Monack, D., Falkow, S. Macrophage-dependent induction of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system and its role in intracellular survival. Mol Microbiol 30 (1998) 175-188. 

Hensel, M., Shea, J., Waterman, S., Mundy, R., Nikolaus, T., Banks, G., Vazquez-Torres, A., Gleeson, C., Fang, F., Holden, D. Genes encoding putative effector proteins of the type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 are required for bacterial virulence and proliferation in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 30 (1998) 163-174. 

Hueck, C. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62 (1998) 379—433. 

Zusman, T., Aloni, G., Halperin, E., Kotzer, H., Degtyar, E., Feldman, M., Segal, G. The response regulator PmrA is a major regulator of the icm/dot type IV secretion system in Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. Mol Microbiol 63 (2007) 1508-1523. 

Alfano, J.R., Collmer, A. Type III secretion system effector proteins Double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42 (2004) 385-414. 

But as I pointed out above, there s no reason that parts or subassemblies of irreducibly complex systems can t have one or more other functions, and wordplay can t masquerade as a real explanation. Neither the TTSS, the flagellum, nor any transitions between them have been soberly investigated in a Darwinian framework in the professional science literature. The best place to see this is in a recent paper entitled, Bioinformatics, genomics, and evolution of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems a Darwinian perspective.))27 In it we learn that A type-III secretion system is an exquisitely engineered [emphasis added] molecular pump,... 

The MudPlT approach was modified in order to perform LCxLC in two separated colunms (SCX and RPLC), which are connected via switching valves and a short RP trapping colunm [50], This allows intermediate emichment and desalting of the fractions eluted from the SCX prior to RPLC-MS analysis. The application of such a system in combination with a (J-TOF instrument has been applied to identification of the Caenorhabditis elegans proteome [51]. In total, 1616 proteins were identified, including 110 secreted/targeted proteins and 242 transmembiane proteins. Many of the 5400 peptides identified in the course of this study contained a PTM such as acetylation and phosphorylation. This type of system has become commercially available as a fully-automated workstation [52-53] (Figure 17.1). 

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