Two layer method

Zhoy Y ., and T. Staphopoulos. 1996. Application of two-layer methods for the evaluation of wind effects on a cubic building. ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 102, no. 1. 

Two-Layer Method. A suspension is spread in a thin layer on the surface of a clear, solids-free liquid. The particles then fall through the liquid in order of decreasing sedimentation velocity and reach the measuring plane in succession. 

The second method is sandwich method which was developed from the two-layer method and used first for the analysis of the single mammalian cell lysates [67], The first thin layer is formed by the matrix-only solution. It is followed by deposition of the analyte solution and then deposition of second layer of matrix on the top of analyte layer. The sample is basically sandwiched between the two matrix layers and preparation results in a matrix-sample-matrix sandwich. This method is specifically used for detecting protein and peptides [67-69], The three-layer matrix-sample preparation method was also used as matrix-matrix-sample mode [70],... 

A kinetic study of the effect of water on the hydrolysis of (173) established the existence of two reaction pathways leading to the carbonyl derivatives, depending on water concentration. The unsatisfactory results observed in many instances led to modifications of the hydrolysis conditions. The supposed limitation of the Nef reaction due to steric hindrance is probably a result of the low solubility of nitroalkanes in aqueous alkali, as demonstrated by the success of the reaction if THF-H20," alcoholic sodium hydroxide" or alkoxide" is used. Silica gel" ° as a reaction medium is of great advantage when the use of organic solvents is undesirable. A two-layer method represents an improvement for the conversion of aromatic nitroalkanes. ... 

In two-layer methods, exemplified by the indirect and polymer-based labels, each of the separate immune reagents must be applied at optimal dilution. In addition, the dilutions of the primary and secondary antibodies (or labels) are interdependent in terms of contrast developed by the procedure as a whole. This fact necessitates comparison of the results obtained using several dilutions of the labeling reagent (secondary antibody) with several different dilutions of the primary antibody comparison is achieved by checkerboard titration (Table... 

When it was developed in the early 1970s, the Wasp method was considered state of the art. It does, however, ignore or minimize one important parameter, namely the shear stress between the different superimposed layers. This is a topic that the two-layer method attempts to tackle, as we shall see in Section 4-10. It does, therefore, tend to predict pressure losses higher than those from stratified flows in certain circumstances of bimodal (fine and coarse) distribution. Nevertheless, the Wasp method remains a very useful method to this day for the design of pipelines, particularly when it is supported by lab tests, as we showed in Example 4-11. 

Figure 2 illustrates the definition of the model system in the two-layered method. The Real system consists of atoms in set 1, set 3 and set 4. To cut out the Model system, the atoms in set 3 are replaced by atoms in set 2 (so-called link atoms and often hydrogen atoms). In all the ONIOM, IMOMO, and IMOMM applications, we assume that the set 1-set 2 bond is on the set 1-set 3 bond. That is, the bond angle 2 and the dihedral angle 4>2 for the set 2 atom is the same as those of the corresponding set 3 atom in the real system. 

A counter-propagation network is a method for supervised learning which can be used for prediction, It has a two-layer architecture where each netiron in the upper layer, the Kohonen layer, has a corresponding netiron in the lower layer, the output layer (sec Figure 9-21). A trained counter-propagation network can be used as a look-up tabic a neuron in one layer is used as a pointer to the other layer. 

Reflux 1 ml. of the ether with 5 ml. of freshly distilled, constant boiling point hydriodic acid (Section 11,49,2), b.p. 126-128°, for 2-3 hours. Add 10 ml. of water, distil and collect about 7 ml. of liquid. Decolourise the distillate by the addition of a httle sodium bisulphite, and separate the two layers by means of a dropper pipette (Fig. 11,27,1). Determine the b.p. of the resulting iodide by the Siwoloboff method (Section 11,12) and prepare a crystalline derivative (Section 111,42). 

For the system water-acetic acid-MIBK in Fig. 15-11 the raffinate (water) layer is the solubility curve with low concentrations of MIBK, and the extract (MIBK) layer is the solubihty curve with high concentrations of MIBK. The dashed lines are tie lines which connect the two layers in equihbrium as given in Table 15-1. Example 2 describes the right-triangular method of calculating the number of theoretical stages required. 

In addition to qualitative identification of the elements present, XRF can be used to determine quantitative elemental compositions and layer thicknesses of thin films. In quantitative analysis the observed intensities must be corrected for various factors, including the spectral intensity distribution of the incident X rays, fluorescent yields, matrix enhancements and absorptions, etc. Two general methods used for making these corrections are the empirical parameters method and the fimdamen-tal parameters methods. 

Reduce heat output or provide shielding. Radiant heat can be reduced by several methods such as insulating the equipment s hot surfaces, painting it with aluminum paint to reduce heat emission or by installing a screen (two layers of expanded metal) between the workstation and the equipment. 

Solutions with low content of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates cannot be analyzed by the two-phase method and specialized procedures have been developed. ISO method 7875/1 [267] is the standard method for analyzing sulfates and other anionic surfactants at very low concentrations, such as in waste-waters. The absorbance of the chloroform layer containing the surfactant-dye complex is spectrometrically measured at 650 nm and quantified using a calibration curve. Different improvements of this method have been developed [268,269]. 

It was demonstrated that for a fixed pumping power, the overall thermal resistance for a two-layered micro-channel stack is 30% less than for a one-layered micro-channel due to doubling of the heat transfer area. Methods for optimizing the thermal performance of micro-channel heat sinks were discussed by Kim (2004). 

To remove any metallic Au, the reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and subsequently passed over a commercial terra infusorii column in a minimal volume of solvent. Crystallization may be performed by slow diffusion of a two-layer system. Yields are low (10-60%). The metal evaporation technique (see 8.2.1.2) gives higher yields than the sodium borohydride method. 

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