Twelve-step groups

Twelve-step groups were first developed within the philosophy of the disease model for treating a drug problem. True or False ... 

Residential programmes and relapse prevention work for cocaine misusers often represent modified forms of treatment that is applicable across all substances (Weiss et al. 2005, Vaughan McMahon 2006). Abstinence-based programmes such as twelve-step groups can contain a mix of users of various substances, and the place for this approach has not yet been usurped by any demonstrably more effective therapy, although there is currently much interest in some particular behavioural treatments. 

Twelve-step groups, one of the most popular types of self-help organizations, have been active in the United States since the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) in 1935. Narcotics Anonymous (NA), a group that... 

Reading this, some parents may wonder that if most treatment is directed toward membership in an AA or similar self-help program, why not get their son or daughter directly into a twelve-step group (which is free) and skip treatment (which is expensive) ... 

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help organization for people whose common goal is recovery from alcoholism, and it is the most widely accessed resource for individuals with alcohol problems (McCrady and Miller 1993). The philosophy is based on the concept of alcoholism as a chronic disease that cannot be cured, but one that can be halted by means of complete abstinence. AA has described 12 principles or steps to guide those in recovery. Twelve-step facilitation, a manual-based psychotherapy to promote AA participation (Nowinski et al. 1992), was equally efficacious, compared with cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement therapies, in a large study of treatments for alcohol dependence (Project Match Research Group, 1997). 

However, the preparation of quinuclidine derivatives starting from tribromoalkanes and dibromoalkylamines may be difficult because the starting compounds require multistage syntheses resulting in poor yields. Prelog s scheme is also less useful for the formation of quinuclidine derivatives with functional groups, e.g., quinuclidine-2-carboxylic acid (39),118 which requires twelve steps with overall yield of only 4%. In the five-step synthesis starting from y-picoline the yield is 30%.00... 

Treatment programs based on the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous and that encourage attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings have been the most common approach used in the United States. The first Alcoholics Anonymous group was formed in Akron, Ohio in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith. Today there are approximately 99,000 groups in existence across America. 

Alateen is a world-wide organization for the teens who are the relatives and friends of a problem drinker. Alateen is based on the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous (Al-Anon). Each Alateen group is sponsored by an active, adult member of Al-Anon. Participation is voluntary, confidential, and free of charge. Information regarding Alateen meetings is available from each local Al-Anon Chapter. 

Safarowsky, 0., Nieger, M., Frohlich, R., Vogtle, F., A molecular knot with twelve amide groups - one-step synthesis, crystal structure, chirality. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1616-1618. 

A sequence of allylation, epoxidation and an acid-mediated 6-exo cyclisation converts salicylaldehydes into 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-27/-[l]benzopyrans. A bicyclic chroman arising from attack of the hydroxymethyl group on the intermediate benzylic cation has been isolated <02SL322>. A twelve-step enantioselective synthesis of a 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methylchroman with an overall yield of 48% uses related methodology and introduces the chirality through an asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation <02JCS(P1)496>. 

The presence of an 11-methyl group in 6,7-benzomorphans has been demonstrated to enhance analgesic responses. Synthetic approaches to benzomorphans lacking a 6-alkyl substituent from pyridines usually fail as a consequence, a twelve-step 1-tetralone route was developed(19) (Scheme 4.7). 

The Twelve Steps are a guide designed for people to tbllow largely by themselves on the road to recovery. In addition to the bases of the steps there are other parts to the AA program. One of these is group participation. Two major types are discussion... 

In the more than fifty years since, NA has grown into one of the largest organizations of its kind. Today, groups are located all over the world, and its books and pamphlets are published in thirty-two languages. No matter where the group is located, each chapter is based on the twelve steps first formulated in AA ... 

Twelve-step programs do not work for everyone, nor are they the only self-help groups available to provide support. As of this writing, however. Alcoholics Anonymous and those that use its model are the most widely available and time tested. Which kind of support group should people use Whichever works best for them. 

Twelve-step self-help groups significantly reduce health care utifization and costs, removing a significant burden from the health care system. 

Another synthetic approach to PGEj was reported by the Ciba group This utilizes as its starting point the eyelopentenone 2, obtained in eight steps from readi ly avai lable starting materials. Compound 25 is converted in twelve steps to PGE, Use of trisilyl ether and oxime protecting groups tor C-1 I hydroxyl and C-9 ketone respectively, are noteworthy. 

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