Turf surface

For the purpose of illustrating the recreational surface market, manufacturers and trade names of commercial products are provided in Tables 8 and9. Table 8. Manufacturers and Trade Names of Artificial Turf Surfaces for Multisport Use... 

Mooa-pflanzen, f.pl. Boi.) Bryophyta. -pul-ver, n, lycopodium powder. -Starke, /. lichen starch, lichenin. -tierchen, n. Zobl.) bryo-zoan, polyzoan. -torf, m. peat, peat turf, surface peat, -wuchs, m. mossy growth, moralisch, a. moral ethical. 

Splinter hemorrhages of toenails ( tennis toe ), resembles acute gout calluses on the hands Painful erythema and swelling of the big toe ( turf toe ) associated with acute tendinitis of the flexor and extensor tendons (athletes who play on artificial turf surfaces, such as Astroturf) black heels, ... 

An example of an artificial turf product is one marketed by Mondo as Mondoturf. This is made up of layers comprising a sheet of PE that is placed directly on the soil, a prefabricated elastic mat, the turf surface and an Ecofill infill. About 70% of this system is recycled material, with the elastic mat being derived from waste tyres and the plastic membranes from waste bottles [76]. 

A grass-like artificial surface was installed for the first time in 1964, at Moses Brown School (Providence, Rhode Island) (1). In 1966, artificial turf was installed in the Houston Astrodome in Texas. These surfaces consisted of green pigmented, nylon-6,6 pile ribbon, with a cross-section resembling that of natural grass. Since that period, other fabrics of various pile ribbon and constmctions have continued to become available commercially for indoor and outdoor facihties. 

Other more recent examples of recreational surfaces or components are artificial turf variations for golf tee mats and croquet, permanent resident base layers replacing asphalt or asphalt and shock-absorbing underpad in artificial turf field instadations, and sand-fided turf... 

These grass-like and resident instadations require substantial amounts of synthetic materials. A typical sports field covered with artificial turf requires approximately 15,000 kg of fabric, 15,000—30,000 kg of shock-absorbing underpad, and 5,000—10,000 kg of adhesive and seaming materials. The artificial surface for a 0.40-km miming track may require 50,000—70,000 kg of materials. Paint striping and marking of turf, tracks, and courts cad for additional materials. 

Recreational surfaces must provide certain performance characteristics with acceptable costs, lifetimes, and appearance. Arbitrary but useful distinctions may be made for classification purposes, depending on the principal function a covering intended primarily to provide an attractive surface for private leisure activities, eg, patio surfaces a surface designed for service in a specific sport, eg, track surfaces or a grass-like surface designed for a broad range of heavy-duty recreational activities, including professional athletics, eg, artificial turf for outdoor sports. 

Typical static friction coefficients are given in Table 1. These data demonstrate that the absolute traction values for synthetic surfaces are satisfactory in comparison with natural turf, provided that shoes with the appropriate surfaces are employed. Synthetic surfaces by virtue of their constmction are to a degree directional, a characteristic which, when substantial, can significantly affect both player performance and ball roU. This effect is evident in a measurement of shoe traction in various directions with respect to the turf—pile angle. Some traction characteristics are directiy affected by the materials. 

Foi example, nylon pile fabrics, exhibiting higher moisture regain, have different traction characteristics under wet and dry conditions than do polypropylene-based materials. Effects of artificial turf fabric constmction on shoe traction ate given in Table 2. Especially effective in aiding fabric surface uniformity is texturing of the pile ribbon, a process available for the two principal pile materials nylon and polypropylene. 

Artificial surfaces must be resistant to cigarette bums, vandaUsm, and other harm. Fire resistance is most critically evaluated by the NBS flooring radiant panel test (10). In this test, a gas-fired panel maintains a heat flux, impinging on the sample to be tested, between 1.1 W/cm at one end and 0.1 W/cm at the other. The result of the bum is reported as the flux needed to sustain flame propagation in the sample. Higher values denote greater resistance to burning results depend on material and surface constmction. Polypropylene turf materials are characterized by critical radiant flux indexes which are considerably lower than those for nylon and acryflc polymers (qv) (11). 

Grass-like surfaces for heavy-duty athletic use usually are glued to or laid over a subbase of asphalt or other permanent foundation material. The shock-absorbing underpad component is in contact with the subbase layer, and the turf component is placed on top of the underpad. Turf panels are fastened together by sewing or gluing, and the entire perimeter of the grass-like surface is securely anchored to the subbase. 

Fig. 4. Cross sections of (a) typical artificial turf and (b) resiHent track surfaces.

Deco Turf acryhc latex surface for tennis Koch Materials ... 

In terms of surface area covered, artificial turf is the dominant commercial product in the category of artificial surfaces described in this article. Light-duty surfaces are the largest representative, followed by tennis court and multipurpose recreational surfaces. 

In addition to being smooth, it is preferable that the soil surface be firmly packed. This is because loose soil is not always retained in large-diameter sampling probes. Firming of the soil surface may be accomplished using a turf roller or equivalent. Alternatively, the soil surface may be prepared in advance of study initiation to allow rainfall or irrigation to settle and firm the soil. This latter approach also allows soil surface depressions to be observed and avoided when laying out the test plots. 

Nishioka, M. G., H. M. Burkholder, et al. (1996). Measuring transport of lawn-applied herbicide acids from turf to home Correlation of dislodgeable 2,4-D tuff residues with carpet dust and carpet surface residues. Environmental Science and Technology 30(11) 3313—3320. 

Despite new trends for decking and patios, a lawn remains a garden essential for many of us. Wildlife certainly gains more benefit from a lawn than from any hard surface, and it acts as a good soakaway for heavy rainfall. From perfect turf to hard-wearing play area, all types of lawn can be managed organically. 

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