Tumour detection

Whatever the exact nature of tumour escape, it has been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, that immunostimulation can lead to enhanced tumour detection and destruction. Several approaches to cancer immunotherapy have thus been formulated, many involving application of IL-2 as the primary immunostimulant. 

Antibody-based strategies for tumour detection/destruction... 

Despite the scientific elegance of the antibody-mediated approach to tumour detection/destruc-tion, initial clinical trials proved disappointing. A number of factors contributed to their poor therapeutic performance, particularly against solid tumours. Most such factors relate directly/ indirectly to the fact that the first generation of such drugs utilized whole monoclonal antibody preparations of murine origin. These factors include ... 

R. Sinkus, J. Lorenzen, D. Schrader, M. Lorenzen, M. Dargatz and D. Holz, High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection, Phys. Med. Biol., 2000, 45, 1649-1664. 

The main radiopharmaceuticals labelled with fluorine-18, routinely prepared ([2-i F] fluorodeoxyglucose [ F]FDG [26-28], [i F]fluoro-L-DOPA [29], [i F]altanserin [30, 31], [ F]setoperone [32]) are presented with their uses in Table 2. For comparison, the most common tracers labelled with carbon-11 (methionine [33], palmitic acid [34], flumazenil (RO 15.1788) [35], PK 11195 [36], raclopride [37], deprenyl [38], Way-100635 [39], McN-5652Z [40], CGP 12177 [41]) are shown in Table 3. By far, [ F]FDG is the most widely studied, particularly in oncology for the diagnosis of tumours, detection of sub-clinical diseases, assessment of therapy responses, and detection of recurrence. F-Steroids [42], F-proteins or peptides, or F-labelled tissue specific agents have also been synthesized for the detection and monitoring of various malignancies [43]. 

Younes-Mhenni S, Janier MF, Cinotti L, Antoine JC, Tronc F, Cottin V, et al. FDG-PET improves tumour detection in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Brain 2004 127(Pt. 10) 2331-2338. 

Pigott, K. H., Hill, S. A., Chaplin, D. J., and Saunders, M. I. (1996) Microregional fluctuations in perfusion within human tumours detected using laser Doppler flowmetry. Radiother. Oncol. 40,45-50. 

Diestra JE, Scheffer GL, Catala II, Maliepaard M, Schellens JH, Scheper RJ, Germa-Lluch JR, Izquierdo MA. Frequent expression of the multi-drug resistance-associated protein BCRP/MXR/ABCP/ABCG2 in human tumours detected by the BXP-21 monoclonal antibody in paraffin-embedded material. J Pathol 2002 198 213-219. 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools available for high resolution biomedical imaging it is thus considered the preferred imaging method for a number of soft tissues, e.g. the central nervous system, for assessing cardiac functions, and for tumour detection. MRI contrast... 

Hoegerle S, Altehoefer C, Ghanem N etal. (2001) F-DOPA positron emission tomography for tumour detection in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels. Eur J Nucl Med 28 64-71... 

CaesiLm-131 Reactor Heart scanning tumour detection... 

Rubidium-86 Reactor Total exchangeable K+ determination myocardial blood flow measurement breast tumour detection... 

TUMOUR DETECTION USING LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE... 

E. Ly, O. Piot, R. Wolthuis, A. Durlach, P. Bernard and M. Manfait, Combination of FTIR spectral imaging and chemometrics for tumour detection from paraffin-embedded biopsies. Analyst, 2008, 133, 197-205. 

Wood, P. J. Scobie, M. ThreaddgiU, M. D. Uptake and retention of nitroimidazole-carboranes designed for boron neutron capture therapy in experimental murine tumours Detection by B-11 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1996, 70, 587-592. 

Scheme 4.2 Porphyrins used for tumour detection by Yb " luminescence...

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