Trout damage

Toxicity of 2,4-D to animals and nontarget plant species is far less clear-cut. It is slightly toxic to wildfowl (e.g., quail and mallard ducks) and moderately toxic to some other bird species. The toxicity of the chemical to aquatic life varies both by chemical formulation and by animal species, though it is clearly toxic to many species, including stream trout, earthworms, and beneficial insects. 2,4-D has been shown to cause genetic damage in crops including barley, wheat, rice, and onions and can also increase the severity of some plant diseases. ... 

The most damning evidence of APIs impact on wildlife comes from smdies on fish. Fluoxetine has been detected in tissues of fish species living in a municipal effluent at levels of 0.1 ng g Redox properties of some medicinal products can influence the oxidative metabolism in hepatocytes of rainbow trout leading to oxidative damage [115]. 

K. L.E. (1987) Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of chemically induced liver damage in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,... 

Streams flowing over soil with low buffering capacity are equally as susceptible to damage from acid rain as lakes are. Approximately 580 of the streams m the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain are acidic primarily due to acidic deposition. The New Jersey Pine Barrens area endures the highest rate of acidic streams in the nation with over 90 percent of the streams acidic. Over 1,350 of the streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands (mid-Appalachia) are acidic, primarily due to acidic deposition. Many streams in that area have already experienced trout losses due to the rising acidity. 

Flavoring 627 Disodium guanylate Canthaxanthin (161g) taken in large quantities in tanning tablets has been associated to retinal damage. It is used as a food color, in poultry feed and fed to farmed salmon and trout to color their flesh. Disodium guanylate (627), Disodium inosinate... 

The use of the pesticide DDT has been banned in Canada since 1969 because of its damaging effect on wildlife. In 1967, the concentration of DDT in an average lake trout, taken from Lake Simcoe in Ontario, was 16 ppm. Today it is less than 1 ppm. What mass of DDT would have been present in a 2.5 kg trout with DDT present at 16 ppm ... 

Nehls, S. and H. Segner. Detection of DNA damage in two cell lines from rainbow trout, RTG-2 and RTL-Wl, using the comet assay. Environ. Toxicol. 16 321-329, 2001. 

Most retinoid reductions have been reported in response to organic contaminants, but other pollutants may affect storage levels. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) inhabiting an area contaminated with iron-ore mine tailings had hepatic retinol and retinyl palmitate levels reduced by approximately 95%80. These fish also exhibited oxidative damage, providing indirect evidence that the loss of retinoid stores may be related to increased oxidative stress. 

In addition to skin injuries, increased UV-B exposure of fish in natural waters and shallow water hatchery pools and raceways may cause eye lens damage in the form of cataracts [21]. Cataracts, evident in observations of blinded brown trout in European streams (http //s.o.w.tripod.com/dyingbrowns.htm) have also been observed in eye lenses of hatchery reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to solar UV [22-24]. 

A.P. Cullen, C.A. Monteith-McMaster (1993). Damage to the rainbow trout Onco-rhyncus mykiss) lens following an acute dose of UVB. Curr. Eye Res., 12,97-106. 

Thus, iron contamination of soils has protective effects, and effluents from iron ore mines are traditionally viewed by regulatory bodies as posing little risk to the environment. However, high iron levels in contaminated lakes caused marked skin bleaching in trout this effect was associated with increased DNA oxidative damage and depleted vitamin A levels (Payne et al. 

Gunn, J.M. and Mills, K.H. (1998). The potential for restoration of acid-damaged lake trout lakes. Restoration Ecology, 6, 390-397. 

Under experimental conditions, high doses of hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria have been shown to cause hver damage in some hsh. Microcystin-LR has been reported to cause hver damage in Atlantic sahnon (Andersen et al., 1993), rainbow trout (Tencalla et al., 1994 Fischer et al.,... 

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