Trivial process

The thermal decomposition of alkali metal oxyfluoroniobates is also not a trivial process. MNbOF4 compounds (where M = alkali metal) with a chain-type structure are relatively stable up to temperatures in the range of 500-600°C. Fig. 90 presents mass loss dependences on temperature of several MNbOF4 compounds. As can be seen, among the compounds presented, only CsNbOF4 exhibits significantly different behavior, beginning its thermal decomposition at a lower temperature of about 400°C. 

Exchange reactions and other radiochemically trivial processes are often difficult to eliminate and must be considered as possibly contributing to virtually all observed yields. In the case of Ni(CO)4, for example, the exchange of CO in the liquid is so fast that the full 98.7% observed parent yield (92) can be explained on the basis of the exchange reaction... 

Extraction is not a simple, almost trivial process. The selection of an extraction procedure depends on the nature of the additive, the polymer matrix, and the requirements of the extraction. Various factors need to... 

Forster (1959) classifies the qualitative features based on which one can distinguish the various modes of energy transfer. Mainly, only collisional transfer depends on solvent viscosity (vide infra), whereas complexing between the donor and acceptor changes the absorption spectrum. On the other hand, the sensitizer lifetime decreases for the long-range resonant transfer process, whereas it should be unchanged for the trivial process. 

The procedure was proved to be general for the preparation of protected hydroxy acids from lactones (121). This apparently trivial process is often difficult to carry out, as the attempted derivatization of y or J-hydroxyacids frequently results in relactonization rather than hydroxyl protection. The method was applied to several aldonolactones to produce the corresponding intermediate hydroxyamides. Protection using [(2-trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy]methyl chloride, methoxymethyl chloride, ter/-butylchlorodimeth-ylsilane, or zm-butylchlorodiphenylsilane followed by ozonolysis gave the protected N-(y- or <5-hydroxyacyl)indole derivatives. Mild saponification gave indole and the acetal- or silyl-protected hydroxy acids. 

Resonance energy transfer between the aromatic amino acids proceeds by very weak coupling between the donor and acceptor.151,52) Very weak coupling implies that the interaction between the donor and acceptor wave functions is small enough so as not to perturb measurably the individual molecular spectra. This transfer process, which is distinct from the trivial process of absorption of an emitted photon, involves radiationless deexcitation of an excited-state donor molecule with concomitant excitation of a ground-... 

The nonradiative energy transfer must be differentiated from radiative transfer which involves the trivial process of emission by the donor and subsequent absorption of the emitted photon by the acceptor ... 

The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is stationary, Gaussian, and Markovian. Doob s theoremstates that it is essentially the only process with these three properties. Essentially means that one must allow for linear transformations of y and t, and that there is one other, although trivial, process with these properties, see (3.22) below. We sketch the proof. 

Naturally, to turn innovation into business success a company has to understand its craft very thoroughly. Liquid crystal production can require very complicated, multi-level syntheses, and mixture development is far from a trivial process. But any innovative company - no matter how skilled - will struggle to create value from its innovations if it does not listen to and work with its customers. 

Bohr never looked on problems from the mathematical point of view he looked at them from the physical point of view. I learned more from Bohr than from anybody else that the new type of theoretical physics was almost more experimental than theoretical. That is, one had to cover the experimental situation by means of concepts which fitted. Later on one had to put the concepts into mathematical forms, hut that was a more or less trivial process which had to be solved. But the primary thing here was that one had to find the words and concepts to describe a strange situation in physics that was very difficult to understand. ... 

A composite pulse may be included within a pulse sequence directly in place of a single pulse. The relative phase relationships of pulses within each cluster must be maintained but are otherwise stepped according to the phase-cycling associated with the single pulse they have replaced. The selection of a suitable composite pulse is not always a trivial process, as discussed below. 

In some circumstances the introduction of a cloning vector into a host cell is a trivial process. For example, phage vectors are designed so they introduce recombinant DNA in an infective process called transfection, and some bacteria take up plasmids unaided. However, most host cells must be induced to take up foreign DNA. Several methods are used. In some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the addition of Ca2+ to the medium promotes uptake. In others, a process called electroporation, in which cells are treated with an electric current, is used. One of the most effective methods for transforming animal and plant cells is the direct microinjection of genetic material. Transgenic animals, for example, are created by the microinjection of recombinant DNA into fertilized ova. 

The trivial mechanism is not very efficient given the statistical probability of direct emission and reabsorption. However, the efficiency of this kind of energy transfer can be maximized with high emission quantum yield of the donor, high concentration and high extinction coefficient of the acceptor, and strong overlap between the emission and absorption spectra. In most systems, the trivial process does not contribute significantly compared to the other two mechanisms. 

In contrast with the first two mechanisms this "trivial" process can operate over much larger distances than, say, 100 R, but is limited in efficiency since it depends upon the luminescence efficiency of the donor molecule. Spectral overlap of donor fluorescence and acceptor absorption is again, of course, a requirement. 

Modelling the combination of advective/dispersive transport with (bio)geochemical reactions can be done numerically in a so-called two-step model - apart from some geochemically trivial processes. Transport paths will be discretised in Ax and Ay, the time in At. In the course of transport/reaction modelling alternately there will be done one step with physical transport only and one step with geochemical reactions only. This allows modelling of many reactions with as many species as wanted in the aquatic and/or solid phase. Briefly spoken The majority of processes that have been understood, can be modelled. This procedure has already been applied by Schulz and Reardon (1983). 

Technology development on the fabrication of asymmetric membranes with an ultrathin dense layer has received much attention due to the fact that the thinner the dense layer is, the higher is the productivity. The fabrication of a hollow fiber with a desirable pore-size distribution and performance is not a trivial process as many factors influence fiber morphology during the phase inversion. 

Recovery rates on bonds vary by the position in the reference entity s capital structure and the level of security offered to the bond holders. Determining the appropriate recovery rate is not a trivial process and requires careful analysis into the traded prices of deliverable obligations for the reference credit. In practice there is limited historical information on the recovery rates experienced for credit default swaps. 

National Highways Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported an interesting study (NHTSA, 2012) on material substitution from steel to polymer composite in the 2007 Chevrolet Silverado FE model. The substitution resulted in a 19% decrease in vehicle weight (from 2307 to 1874kg) with no effect on safety in front crash tests. However, replacing metal components with composite or plastic is not a trivial process it requires the redesign of the vehicle and therefore demands upfront capital investment as well as design time. 

Synthesis of polyacetylene is not a trivial process and this is due to the reactions of acetylene. Polymerization of acetylene can be accompanied by a variety of side reactions, thus dimerization and formation of benzene and cyclooctatetraene, cycloadditions and isomeriza-tions, as well as further reactions of the initial products are anticipated. In attempts to remove catalyst residues and impurities produced by such side reactions different methods have been adopted using a variety of purification procedures. Furthermore, polyacetylene is insoluble, infusible and susceptible to fairly rapid atmospheric degradation. Its insolubility and infusibility not only make purification difficult, but also precludes most conventional fabrication methods and procedures for modifying the polymer s bulk morphology. Hence it is important to produce high-purity material by methods which will allow convenient fabrication and control of the bulk morphology. In... 

Technically valid calibrations transfer is not the trivial process that some would propose. In fact, due to advancing calibration mathematics such as PCR, PLS, and spectral matching/search algorithms, it becomes even more critical that transfer technologies be scientifically scrutinized. To date, the most successful approach for transferring calibrations for use with all multivariate mathematical modeling techniques is found in a three-pronged approach ... 

Analysis of polyamides is not a trivial process, and care must be taken to be thorough. Each analytical technique described has its own merit. Mass spectrometry gives product identity and is a sensitive technique for determining the presence of monomer dele-... 

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