Treated surfaces, enhancement

The ProteinChip System from Ciphergen Biosystems uses patented SELDI (Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization) ProteinChip technology to rapidly perform the separation, detection, and analysis of proteins at the femtomole level directly from biological samples. ProteinChip Systems use ProteinChip Arrays which contain chemically (cationic, anionic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.) or biochemically (antibody, receptor, DNA, etc.) treated surfaces for specific interaction with proteins of interest. Selected washes create on-chip, high-resolution protein maps. This protein mass profile, or reten-tate map of the proteins bound to each of the ProteinChip Array surfaces, is quantitatively detected in minutes by the ProteinChip Reader. 

Also for MALDI, there is a special case worth mentioning. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a technique that utilizes special sample plates [196, 197]. These have different modified surfaces, for example, hydrophobic, anionic, or antibody treated. Which type of surface to select depends on the application. After application of analyte the surface is washed according to a protocol leaving only the desired components on the target. Finally, a MALDI matrix is applied before analysis in the spectrometer. See Chapter 12 for an application example of SELDI. 

Stainless steel 316L material used for piping and equipment shows considerable corrosion resistance because of the beneficial effect of molybdenum on the surface properties. It is also observed that the surface treatment (pre-reduced, polished, passivated and chemically treated surfaces) of stainless steel equipment and piping reduces the corrosion process in seawater applications. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel in seawater applications can also be enhanced by bulk alloying the stainless steel with nitrogen, chromium, molybdenum and nickel by converting the stainless steel into super austenitic stainless steel. From leaching studies it is also observed that the release of iron, chromium and nickel from the super austenitic stainless steel to seawater is considerably... 

The damage and high concentrations of lattice delects, resulting from atomic displacements produced by the incident alums, can change the chemical reactivity and mechanical hardness of a treated surface, Implantation cun enhance the diffusion of impurities already deposited in a substrate, presumably through the motion of the high concentrations of lattice defects produced by the incident ions. 

Section II will discuss the basic phenomena of inelastic tunneling from the viewpoint of the experimentalist. Section III will treat peak shapes, shifts, and widths. Section IV will deal with intensities and selection rules in IETS. Finally, Section V includes some recent applications of IETS to the fields of chemisorption and catalysis, and to the at first glance unrelated field of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. 

Sulfated zirconia is a good example of a structural Lewis acid which has been chemically treated to enhance acidity. It has been extensively studied as a solid acid catalyst for vapour phase reactions and we1112 and others14 have found that a mesoporous version of this material is a particularly effective catalyst for liquid phase Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions and to a lesser extent Friedel-Crafts benzoylations. The commercial (MEL Chemicals Ltd) material SZ999/1 shows a nitrogen isotherm characteristic of a mesoporous solid (surface area 162 m2g, pore volume 0.22 cm3g )- Whereas microporous and mesoporous materials are capable of rapidly catalysing the alkylation of benzene with various alkenes (Table 1), on reuse only the mesoporous... 

A report is presented on the fluorination of the inner surface of blood circulating tubes made from PVC using APG discharge treatment in order to enhance biocompatibility and suppress the bleeding of plasticisers from the PVC. A hydrophobic surface was produced on the inner surface of the tube by polymerising hexafluoropropylene or tetrafluoroethylene and the treated surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. 17 refs. 

Busby and Creighton in their investigation of 2-amino-5-nitropyridine (ANP) on silver found, using in situ electrochemical methods, which were corroborated by spectroscopical measurements, that an equivalent of many layers of ANP was adsorbed on the electrochemically treated surface. They find enhancement factors of 1.5 X 10" at 647.1 nm. If only the first layer was SERS active (which cannot be determined from this experiment), then the enhancement factor grows to >10. ... 

Compounds that alter insect behavior in other ways may also be useful e.g. chemicals that increase insect locomotor activity should enhance the uptake of pesticides from treated surfaces. Such compounds are already known among the formamidines insecticides and their relatives that stimulate octopamine receptors (12), and further research in this area of pest biochemistry could reveal other locomotor stimulators such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. A... 

WO 99/32594 07/1999 Duval et al.l Procter Gamble Cleaning compositions containing a neopullulanase for improved stain removal, enhanced overall cleaning, and sanitization of treated surface... 

PCL films were alkaline-treated to enhance the surface hydrophilicity and cell adhesion, and the degradation behavior of untreated (PCLcells) and alkaline-treated (APCLcells) samples in the presence of fibroblasts was studied by chemiluminescence [102]. Considering that CL detects specifically the surface emission, this technique results are of great interest to analyze the surface phenomena that conducts to a change in the hydrophilic degree and, consequently, to a better cell adhesion. 

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