Trauma athletics

The proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and chymoral [8076-22-0] in combination, have been used for the treatment of post-operative hand trauma, athletic injuries, and sciatica (214—216). Trypsin has also been used successfully in treating hyaline membrane disease of newborn babies, a condition usually fatal without treatment (217). Immobilized preparations of trypsin are useful in treating acute radiation cystitis following pelvic x-irradiation therapy (218). 

Predisposing factors include increasing age, male gender, diabetes, nail trauma, excessive sweating, peripheral vascular disease, poor hygiene, athlete s foot, immunodeficiency and chronic exposure of the nails to water. 

Trauma/emergency medicine The medical specialties involving physical wounds or injuries. Studies in these areas include athletic injuries, burns, traumatic brain injuries, and others. 

Occupational marks represent the effects of a particular occupation on a worker s skin. They are usually calluses or corns that develop in locations subjected to repeated friction, pressure, or other trauma, and include discolorations, telangiectases, tattoos, odors, deformities, and other changes. In some occupations, the marks may be quite variable, as with musicians (Harvell and Maibach 1992). Corresponding marks may be seen in athletes (Kanerva 1998). Such marks were common previously among workers and served to identify many occupations. Today, with increasing automation, less frequent manual operation of tools. 

Pounding may result in rupture of the papillary capillaries. For example, black heel results from pressure and pounding in those sports where repeated jumping and sudden stops or twists of the heel occur, as in basketball, football, squash, lacrosse, track and field, and tennis. Different types of dermatological disorders caused by mechanical trauma in athletes are reviewed in this book by Rogaschefsky and Taylor (Chap. 169) and Kanerva (Chap. 16). 

Athletes are at risk of a vast number of common skin disorders which may be specific to themselves or unique to a particular sport. Dermatological problems of athletes are a result of mechanical trauma, cutaneous infections, contact dermatitis, and physical and environmental factors. 

Athlete s nodules refer to collagenomas, benign often asymptomatic connective tissue nevi, located at sites of friction or recurrent blunt trauma (Cohen et al. 1992). These firm intradermal nodules tend to occur on the knuckles of boxers (Kanerva 1998) and marble players and on the knees and dorsal feet of football players and surfers (Cohen et al. 1992). For an extensive differential diagnosis, see Table 1 of Cohen et al. (1990). Topical or intradermal corticosteroids or... 

Table 1. Miscellaneous dermatoses in athletes secondary to mechanical trauma...

In athletes, mechanical trauma evokes innumerable minor dermatoses, infections propagate disqualifying epidemics, contact dermatitis is the great mimicker, and physical and environmental factors are ubiquitous. Recognition, treatment, and prevention of sports-related skin diseases will maximize the athlete s performance and general well being. 

Bergfeld WF, Elston DM (1994) Diagnosis and treatment of dermatologic problems in athletes. In Fu FH, Stone DA (eds) Sports injuries - mechanism, prevention, treatment. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 781-795 Bergfeld WF, Taylor JS (1985) Trauma, sports, and the skin. Am J Ind Med 8 403-413... 

During starvation, body fats replace dietary carbohydrates as a major source of energy. Metabolism of these fats yields organic acids such as acetoacetic acid. This causes a mild metabolic acidosis. In strenuous exercise, particularly in a trained athlete, fats are preferentially metabolized also, in exercise sufliciently strenuous to exceed the anaerobic threshold, lactic acid is released into the extracellular fluid in all subjects, both the trained athlete and the normal person. Fever and trauma such as extensive bums or major surgery result in tissue breakdown this catabolism results in the release of organic acids into the extracellular fluid. 

Superficial peroneal neuropathy is a rare condition encountered in dancers and athletes who have a history of ankle sprains or trauma to the leg leading to vague sensory disturbances on the dorsal aspect of... 

Stein, T.D., Alvarez, V.E., McKee, A.C., 2014. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 6 (1), 4. 

---