Occupational marks

Occupational marks represent the effects of a particular occupation on a worker s skin. They are usually calluses or corns that develop in locations subjected to repeated friction, pressure, or other trauma, and include discolorations, telangiectases, tattoos, odors, deformities, and other changes. In some occupations, the marks may be quite variable, as with musicians (Harvell and Maibach 1992). Corresponding marks may be seen in athletes (Kanerva 1998). Such marks were common previously among workers and served to identify many occupations. Today, with increasing automation, less frequent manual operation of tools. 

Table 1. Occupational marks by mechanical trauma. The table is updated from the study by Ronchese (1948) and other more recent data (Kanerva 1998, 1999)...

Ronchese F (1948) Occupational marks and other physical signs a guide to personal identification. Grune 8c Stratton, New York, pp 1-181... 

Occupational marks represent the effects of a particular occupation on a worker s skin. They have been listed in detail in this book (Chap. 16). 

As far as clinical findings are concerned, there is no characteristic aspect, localization or clinical course of occupational contact dermatitis in tanners (Foussereau et al. 1982). Adams (1990) mentioned callosities as occupational marks caused by mechanical trauma on the thumbs of leather buffers, on the right index fingers of cutters and on the knuckles of glazers. 

Koh D, Jeyaratnam J, Aw TC (1995) An occupational mark of screwdriver operators. Contact Dermatitis 32 46 Leira HL, Tiltnes A, Svendsen K, Vetlesen L (1992) Irritant cutaneous reactions to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Contact Dermatitis 27 148-150... 

Upholstery work involves preparation and attachment of springs, cushions, and coverings for the furniture frame. Repetitive use of the hands, leading to occupational marks, is, again, quite common. 

NMD A receptors are selectively activated by A/-methyl-D-aspartate (NMD A) (182). NMD A receptor activation also requires glycine or other co-agonist occupation of an allosteric site. NMDAR-1, -2A, -2B, -2C, and -2D are the five NMD A receptor subunits known. Two forms of NMDAR-1 are generated by alternative splicing. NMDAR-1 proteins form homomeric ionotropic receptors in expression systems and may do so m situ in the CNS. Functional responses, however, are markedly augmented by co-expression of a NMDAR-2 and NMDAR-1 subunits. The kinetic and pharmacological properties of the NMD A receptor are influenced by the particular subunit composition. 

Workers exposed to chemicals often experience discomfort and adverse health effects which may progress to occupational disea.ses. Even though working conditions have improved markedly during recent decades, in general... 

Electronic stmcture calculations reveal that the actual EEG in linear Au(l) and square-planar Au(lll) complexes is not merely a matter of 5d occupation. Instead, the EEG is markedly determined by AO populations, including Au core 5p as well as valence 6p orbitals and further by the charge in the overlap area (AOAuAOug) and on the ligands (Table 7.14). 

Bones and teeth, however, are primary archaeological materials and are common to many archaeological sites. Bones bearing cut marks from stone tools are a clear proxy for human occupation of a site, and in the study of human evolution, hominid remains provide the primary archive material. Hence, many attempts have been made to directly date bones and teeth using the U-series method. Unlike calcite, however, bones and teeth are open systems. Living bone, for example, contains a few parts per billion (ppb) of Uranium, but archaeological bone may contain 1-100 parts per million (ppm) of Uranium, taken up from the burial environment. Implicit in the calculation of a date from °Th/U or Pa/ U is a model for this Uranium uptake, and the reliability of a U-series date is dependent on the validity of this uptake model. 

B. Social/occupational dysfunction For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care are markedly below the level achieved prior to onset (or when onset is in childhood or adolescence, failure to achieve the expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational achievement). 

The arrows indicate the directions of displacement of the ligands due to repulsion by the nonbonding d electrons. The spheres on the cube edges mark the centers of gravity of the charges of the t2 orbitals a gray sphere means occupation by one electron more than a white sphere... 

Figure 8. Occupation number density of Cu in the repeated zone scheme the solid line marks the boundary of the first BZB the bold contour line marks the Fermi surface.

Mark, D. and Vincent, J.H. (1986) A new personal sampler for airborne total dust in the workplace, Ann. Occup. Hygiene, 30 89-102. 

Table II shows the nominal alpha dose factors for occupational mining exposure. Table III shows the alpha dose factors for the nominal environmental situation. Table IV shows the bronchial dose factors for the smallest sized particles, that dominated by the kerosene heater or 0.03 pm. particles. The radon daughter equilibrium was shifted to a somewhat higher value in this calculation because this source of particles generally elevates the particle concentration markedly with consequent increase in the daughter equilibrium. Table V shows the alpha dose for a 0.12 pm particle, the same as the nominal indoor aerosol particle, but for a particle which is assumed to be hygroscopic and grows by a factor of 4, to 0.5 pm, once in the bronchial tree.

There is no marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, no delusions, and no hallucinations. 

---