Transplantation immunology

Reding R, Davies HF. Revisiting liver transplant immunology from the concept of immune engagement to the dualistic pathway paradigm. Liver Transpl 2004 10 1081-1086. 

Brent L. 1997. History of Transplantation Immunology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 

Van Buskirk AM, Pidwell DJ, Adam PW, Orosz CG. 1997. Transplantation immunology. JAMA. 278 1993-1999. 

Kaplan HJ, Streilein JW, Stevens TR (1975) Transplantation immunology of the anterior chamber of the eye 11. Immune response to allogeneic cells. J Immnnol 115 805-810. 

Regan JF, Campbell K, Van Smith L et al. (1999). Sensitization following Thymoglobulin and Atgam rejection therapy as determined with a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. U.S. Thymoglobulin multi-center study group. Transplantation Immunology 7 115-121... 

Reinders MEJ, Laning JC, Paul LC, Briscoe DM. The role of chemokines in transplant immunology. Transplant Rev 2003 Apr 17(2) 87-95. 

C. A. Vercelli, A. M. Hidalgo, S. H. Hyon, and P. F. Argibay, Trypanosoma cruzi tram-sialidase inhibits human lymphocyte proliferation by nonapoptotic mechanisms implications in pathogenesis and transplant immunology, Transplant. Proc., 37 (2005) 4594 1597. 

Strieter RM, Belperio JA. Chemokine receptor polymorphism in transplantation immunology no longer just important in AIDS. Lancet 2001 357 1725-1726. 

Lai JH, Ho LJ, Kwan CY, Chang DM, Lee TC. Plant alkaloid tetrandrine and its analog block CD28-costimulated activities of human peripheral blood T cells—Potential immunosuppressant in transplantation immunology. Transplantation 1999 68(9) ... 

Gibbs P (1997) Transplant immunology - for surgeons. In Forsythe J (ed) Transplantation surgery. Saunders, Edinburgh, pp 63-88... 

The first mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human CD3 was produced in 1979 and named orthoclone OKT3. Aside from its use in the laboratory, OKT3 became the first anti-CD3 antibody to be utilized in transplantation medicine, but its wider application was hampered by its immunogenic and mitogenic properties (reviewed in [6]). Consequently, humanized and engineered anti-CD3 antibodies were developed to circumvent these limitations (Table 1). Since T cells and the TCR are involved in many immunological diseases, it is not surprising that the application of CD3 antibodies is not restricted to the field of transplantation. For example, CD3 antibodies are tested in clinical studies of diseases such as autoimmune diabetes (type 1 diabetes), immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [7]. 

The science of immunology not only encompasses the body s immune responses to bacteria and viruses but is extensively involved in tumour recognition and subsequent rejection the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues the elimination of parasites ftom the body allergies and autoimmunity (the condition when the body mounts a reachon agairrst its own tissues). 

Fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. Immunologic (e.g.,... 

For an allogeneic HCT, the recipient and the donor are dissimilar genetically unless they are identical twins (referred to as a syngeneic HCT). The tissue transplanted is immunologi-cally active, and thus there is potential for bidirectional graft... 

Graft-versus-host disease Failure of a recipient s body to accept a transplanted tissue or organ as the result of immunologic incompatibility immunologic resistance to foreign tissue. 

Kerjaschki D, Regele HM, Moosberger I, et al. Lymphatic neoangiogenesis in human kidney transplants is associated with immunologically active lymphocytic infiltrates. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004 15 603-612. 

Antibodies have and likely will find additional use in transplantation-related medicine. In general, cell-mediated immunological mechanisms are responsible for mediating rejection of transplanted organs. In many instances, transplant patients must be maintained on immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. some steroids and, often, the fungal metabolite cyclosporine). However, complications may arise if a rejection episode is encountered that proves unresponsive to standard immunosuppressive therapy. Orthoclone OKT-3 was the first monoclonal antibody-based product to find application in this regard. 

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