Transmission electron microscopy polyethylene

Figure 5 Electron micrograph of a portion of melt crystallised polyethylene spherulite by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showing lamellae. Reproduced from Ref. [3] with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

IPHC, Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion/chemotherapy MMC, Mitomycin C IP, Intraperitoneal SOD, Superoxide dismutase Nd YAG, Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet Nd Y3A15012 NIR, Near infrared FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate PEG, Polyethylene glycol FA, Fohc acid CDDP, Cisplatin TEM, Transmission electron microscopy... 

Hill and Barham [133] showed by transmission electron microscopy that blends of high and low molar mass polyethylene melts were homogeneous with no detectable phase separation. The blends were prepared by solution mixing to obtain an initially homogeneous blend before the thermal treatment in the melt. It should be realised that the mechanical mixing of high and low molar mass linear polyethylenes to obtain a homogeneous melt may require considerable work and time. 

Fig. 2.49 Transmission electron microscopy image (a) and histogram (b) of particle sizes distribution for the samples with 4 % Co in the polyethylene matrix [71]...

TEM Transmission electron microscopy ToF-SIMS Top of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry UCST Upper critical solution temperature UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene WAXD Wide angle X-ray diffraction XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy... 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the main technique to detect intercalation and exfoliation for polymer-clay nanocomposites. Polyethylene-clay nanocomposites samples with poor (Figure 3.13a) and good (Figure 3.13b) exfoliation are shown in Figure 3.13 [62]. Uniform exfoliation and distribution of clay nanolayers is obtained by in-situ polymerization only when ethylene is polymerized with a metallocene supported on the organoclay in this case. 

Stuart and Mauritz [6] used environmental SEM-EDAX, and also AFM and transmission electron microscopy, to study the formation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites within Surlyn (polyethylene-co-methacrylate cation forms) random copolymers. SEM-EDAX has also been used to study thin films of Prussian blue and N-substituted polypyrrols [7] and epoxy resins [8]. 

One of the central questions is how the crystal lamellae starting at a central point can finally form a spherical-shaped spherulite. The spherical shape has to be obtained already by the dominant lamellae. A mechanism for branching and splaying of the dominant lamellae has to be available. Bassett, Olley and AI Reheil (1988) presented transmission electron microscopy data on linear polyethylenes providing... 

Low-magnification transmission electron microscopy of chlorosulphonated polyethylene samples also provides information about the supermolecular structure. 

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