Transfusion poisoning

Mier, R.J. 1988. Treatment of aniline poisoning with exchange transfusion. Clin. Toxicol. 26 357— 364. 

Pinto (1976) also reported similar characteristics regarding acute arsine poisoning. Although, an exposure concentration was unavailable, exposure to newly formed arsine for less than 1 h resulted in severe (likely fatal without medical intervention of exchange transfusion) signs and symptoms, including... 

A case report of acute arsine poisoning in which a 27-y-old man was exposed to arsine during chemical manufacturing was reported by Pinto (1976). The subject was exposed to arsine as a result of arsine production via a reaction between a galvanized bucket and an arsenic-containing sulfuric acid solution. The exposure (duration not specified) produced toxic effects characterized by abdominal cramping, thoracic discomfort, and hematuria. Over the next week, the patient s hematocrit declined from 42.5 to 27.1 and hemoglobin dropped from 14.1 to 9.5 g/dL even with medical intervention (blood transfusions and mannitol diuresis). Nine hours after exposure, blood arsenic was 159 g/dL and urinary arsenic was 1862 ug/L. 

There is no antidote for arsine poisoning, but its effects can be treated. The doctor may give the exposed patient fluids through a vein to protect the kidneys from damage. For severe poisoning, blood transfusions and cleansing of the blood (hemodialysis) maybe needed. 

Postel, S. and Swift, M. 1945. Evaluation of the bleeding-transfusion treatment of phosgene poisoning. In Fasciculus on chemical warfare medicine v. II, respiratory tract. Washington, DC National Research Council, Committee on Treatment of Gas Casualties pp. 664-690. (Cited in EPA 1986)... 

Treatment for warfarin poisoning includes vitamin K administration and, in severe cases, transfusions of whole blood... 

When injected, it forms a stable water-soluble iron complex (ferrioxamine) that prevents the iron from entering into further chemical reactions and is readily excreted in the urine giving the urine a characteristic reddish colour. Some of it is also excreted in the faeces via the bile. It can also chelate aluminium and thus is useful in aluminium overload. It is primarily a chelator used in acute iron poisoning and chronic iron overload as in thalassemia patients needing multiple transfusions. 

It is an orally active iron chelator. It is useful in acute iron poisoning, iron overload in cirrhosis, transfusion siderosis in thalassemia patients. Adverse effects are anorexia, vomiting, altered taste, joint pain and neutropenia. 

Gerard P, Malvaux P, De Visscher M. Accidental poisoning with thyroid extract treated by exchange transfusion. Arch Dis Child 1972 47(256) 981-982. 

The supportive treatment of aspirin poisoning may include gastric lavage (to prevent the further absorption of salicylate), fluid replenishment (to offset the dehydration and oliguria), alcohol and water sponging (to combat the hyperthermia), the administration of vitamin K (to prevent possible hemorrhage), sodium bicarbonate administration (to combat acidosis) and, in extreme cases, peritoneal dialysis and exchange transfusion. 

The high affinity for oxidized iron makes the siderophores ideal candidates for chelation therapy where the body is becoming overwhelmed by iron(III) either through acute poisoning or conditions like haemochromatosis that can occur when patients receive frequent blood transfusions. While enterobactin would seem to be the primary choice it has two major drawbacks its synthesis is complicated and, although both isomers bind iron(III) to the same extent, only the L-isomer has activity in vivo. Consequently desferrioxamine B is the agent of choice. 

Arsine/phosphinepoisoning There is no antidote for Arsine or phosphine poisoning. Do not administer arsenic chelating drugs. Patient may need blood transfusions. 

Southgate HJ, Masterson R. Lessons to be learned a case study approach prolonged methaemoglobinaemia due to inadvertent dapsone poisoning treatment with methylene blue and exchange transfusion. J R Soc Health 1999 119(l) 52-5. 

Deferoxamine is used in the treatment of acnte iron poisoning and in iron storage diseases, notably beta-thalassemia (1). The usual regimen is 40mg/kg/day as a snbcntaneous infusion over 10-12 honrs, starting at an early age (3 years). During erythrocyte transfusion. 

Linquette,Goudemande,Warot,etal. Acute poisoning by sodium chlorate anuria exchange transfusions and peritoneal dialysis. Echo Med Nord. 1950 21 269-276. 

It can be concluded that ozone acts only very superficially on wet soft tissues. It is not able to penetrate deeply. This is confirmed by studies of Bohr and Mear (j ), who transfused blood of rabbits, poisoned by ozone, into normal rabbits without any harmful effect. These authors also ventilated only one lung of an animal (turtle or rabbit) with air containing ozone without harmful effects on the normal lung. 

Williams and Wilkins, 1996. ISBN 06-8330-0318. Organized into five major sections principles of poison management, drugs, the home, chemicals, and natural toxins. There are chapters on AIDS and antiviral drugs, drug toxicology, blood transfusions, cytokines, plasma volume expanders, the gastrointestinal tract, etc. 

Harrison MR. 1977. Toxic methaemoglobinaemia A case of acute nitrobenzene and aniline poisoning treated by exchange transfusion. Anaesthesia 32 270-272. 

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