Transdermal therapeutical systems

Fig. 4. Schematic of transdermal therapeutic system in operation. The dmg diffuses through the intact skin into capillaries and is then carried into the...

Eig. 6. Electrically assisted transdermal therapeutic system. Electrotransport faciUtates passage of dmgs (D ) through the skin and into adjacent tissue and... 

Nitroglycerin Delivery Systems. Transderm-Nitro, Nitro-dur, and Minitran are all transdermal therapeutic systems that dehver nitroglycerin [55-63-0] mol wt 227.09, at a continuous, controlled rate through intact skin for treatment of angina (95). 

Fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system see below see below... 

TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (rash due to low platelets) TTS transdermal therapeutic system Tx treatment UC ulcerative colitis... 

Furthermore, central-acting antimuscarinic drug are effective in the treatment of motion sickness. In this indication the alkaloid scopolamine has been shown to be effective. It can be applied orally, intra venously or via a transdermal therapeutic system. 

Clonidine is also available as a transdermal patch (Catapres-TTS [transdermal therapeutic system]) that has the advantages of avoiding the need for repeated doses during the day and of reportedly lower rates of dry mouth and drowsiness (Burris, 1993). Steady-state plasma levels are reached within 2-3 days after applying the patch and clonidine concentrations reportedly diminish gradually over 2-3 days following patch removal, without rebound hypertension in adult hyper-... 

ASD, acute stress disorder bid, twice daily hs, at bedtime po, by month PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder tid, 3 times a day TTS, transdermal therapeutic system. 

Walters, K.A. (1989). Penetration enhancers and their use in transdermal therapeutic systems. In Transdermal Drug Delivery — Development Issues and Research Initiatives, J. Hadgraft and R.H. Guy, eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, 197-246. 

Berner, B., et al. 1989. Ethanol Water mutually enhanced transdermal therapeutic system II Skin permeation of ethanol and nitroglycerin. J Pharm Sci 78 402. 

Feldstein, M., Vasiliev, A., and Plate, N. Enhanced drug delivery from transdermal therapeutic systems with hydrophilic polymer matrix. Int. Symp. Contr. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 21 423-424, 1994. 

J. Shaw, Development of Transdermal Therapeutic Systems, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 9, 579 (1983). 

Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) of nitroglycerin (1), isosorbide dinitrate (2), scopolamine (3) or clonidine (4) have been throughly investigated in vitro and in vivo. However, there have been few studies of skin permeation of ionizable water soluble drugs. 

Herrmann F, List H (1995) Transdermal therapeutic system comprosong active substances representing carbon monoxide sources. Patent WO 95/35105... 

DuckovaK et al. (1993) Silicone rubber-hydrogel composites as polymeric biomaterials. Part 5. Transdermal therapeutic systems based on hydrogel-filled silicone rubber. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 39(5) 208—211... 

Chien, Y. W. (1987), Transdermal therapeutic systems, in Controlled Drug Delivery Fundamentals and Applications, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 524-549. 

Burris JF. The USA experience with the clonidine transdermal therapeutic system. Clin Auton Res. 1993 3 391-6. 

Chandrasekaran, S. K., Shaw, J. E. Desi of transdermal therapeutic systems, in (jontem-porary topes in X>lymer science, VoL 2. Pearce, E. M., Schaefgen, J. R. (eds.). New York Plenum ftess 1977... 

Transdermal administration can avoid first-pass metabolism as well as provide a large surface area for continuous-controlled administration of drugs with short biological half-lives and narrow therapeutical indices. The route has been used for nitroglycerin ointments, and transdermal therapeutical systems (patches) have been developed for scopolamine, nitroglycerin, clonidine, estradiol, and nicotine. 

Wolff, M. Cordes, G. Luckow, V. In vitro and in vivo release of nitroglycerin from a new transdermal therapeutic system. Pharm. Res. 1985, 1, 23-29. 

Kokubo, T. Sugibayashi, K. Morimoto, Y. Interaction between drugs and pressure-sensitive adhesives in transdermal therapeutic systems. Pharm. Res. 1994,11, 104—107. 

Ionic surfactants are thought to enhance transdermal absorption by disordering the lipid layer of the stratum corneum and by denaturation of keratin. The use of penetration enhancers in general, and surfactants in particular, in transdermal therapeutic systems has been reviewed by Walters. 

A transdermal therapeutic system is a rate-controlled drug-delivery system that, applied to the surface of the skin, continuously releases the drug at a rate that will provide a desired steady-state plasma concentration for a specified duration. 

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