Transdermal drug deliver

FIGURE 22.4 An example of a reservoir-type transdermal drug deliv-ery system. 

The transdermal route (drug delivered through the skin into the systemic circulation), using trandermal patches, creams, ointments, gels. 

The Molecular Weights of Drugs Delivered Transdermally, Either Commercially or Under Clinical Evaluation... 

Matsuda, H., and Arima, H. 1999. Cyclodextrins in transdermal and rectal delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36 81. 

Ainbinder, D., and E. Touitou. 2005. Testosterone ethosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery. Drug Deliv 12 1. 

Denet, A.-R., R. Vanbever, and V. Preat. 2004. Skin electroporation for transdermal and topical delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56 5. 

Pikal, M. J. 1992. The role of the electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9 201. 

Ledger, P.W. 1992. Skin biological issues in electrically enhanced transdermal delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9 289. 

Prausnitz, M.R. 1996. The effects of electric current applied to the skin A review for transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 18 395. 

Pliquett, U. 1999. Mechanistic studies of molecular transdermal transport due to skin electroporation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 35 41. 

Badkar, A.V., et al. 1999. Enhancement of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a liposomal formulation of colchicine by electroporation. Drug Deliv 6 111. 

Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery past progress, current status, and future prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 56 557-558. 

A new generation of transdermal drug delivery (TDD) system was developed to contain one or more skin permeation enhancers in the surface adhesive coating layers. This TDD system has been found, experimentally, to release the enhancers to the surface of stratum corneum to modify the skin s barrier properties, prior to the controlled delivery of the active drug. The extent of enhancement in skin permeability appears to be dependent upon the chemical structure of drug to be delivered transdermally as well as the type and the concentration of enhancer used. The mechanism of skin permeation enhancement have been explored and are analyzed in this report. 

Krishnaiah, Y. S., and Bhaskar, P. (2004), Studies on the transdermal delivery of nimodipine from a menthol-based TTS in human volunteers, Curr. Drug Deliv., 1(2), 93-102. 

Aqil, M., Sultana, Y., and Ali, A. (2006), Transdermal delivery of beta-blockers, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv, 3(3), 405-418. 

Godin, B., Touitou, E. (2007). Transdermal skin delivery predictions for humans fi om in vivo, ex vivo and animal models. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 1152-61. 

Scopolamine is available as a transdermal drug delivery system fisr prevention of motion sickness. When placed behind the ear the system delivers 0.5 mg of scopolamine for 3 days. Mydriasis and blurred vision can occur if scopolamine from the patch comes in contact with the eyes. 

Because of the large surface area of the skin and its bypass of the liver as a first pass step in metabolism, many drug delivery systems have been developed that control the rate of drug delivery to the skin for subsequent absorption. Effective transdermal drug delivery systems of this type deliver uniform quantities of drug to the skin over a period of time. Technically, transdermal drug delivery systems may be classified into monolithic and membrane-controlled systems (9). 

Cross SE and Roberts MS. Physical enhancement of transdermal drug apphcation Is delivery technology keeping up with pharmaceutical development Curr. Drug Deliv. 2004 1 81-92. 

Weaver JC. Electroporation A general phenomenon for manipulating cells and tissues. J. Cell Biochem. 1993 51(4) 426-435. Prausnitz MR. A practical assessment of transdermal drug delivery by skin electroporation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1999 35 61-76. Edwards DA, Prausnitz MR, Danger R, and Weaver JC. Analysis of enhanced transdermal transport by skin electroporation. J. Control. Rel. 1995 34 211-221. 

---