Transcription selective

Screen for colony growth by transcriptional selection Screen for p-galactosidase reporter gene activity... 

Bonnerot, C., Vernet, M., Grimber, G., Briand, P., and Nicholas, J.F. (1991). Transcriptional selectivity in early mouse embryos A qualitative study. Nuc. Acids Res. 25 7251-7257. 

DeLouis, C., Bonnerot, C., Vernet, M., Nicolas, J.F. (1992). Expression of microinjected DNA and RNA in early rabbit embryos Changes in the permissiveness for expression and transcriptional selectivity. Exp. Cell Res. 207 284-291. 

In Table 3 are listed the structures and transcriptional activation activities of retinoids reported as receptor-selective based on their preferential ability to induce one retinoid receptor complex to activate gene transcription from a particular RE compared to the activities of the standards. These retinoid agonists are commonly used to identify the retinoid receptor having the most influence on a particular retinoid-signalling pathway. Four retinoids—TTNPB [23], TTNN [51], TTAB [53, 54], SRI 1256 [104], and SRI 1365 [105]—are listed as RAR class selective because they only activate the RARs. Of these, TTNPB, TTAB, and the A-oxide SRI 1365 are the most transcriptionally selective across all RAR subtypes, whereas TTNN preferentially activates RAR(3 and RARy. At higher concentrations SRI 1256,4-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahy-dro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)phenyl]benzoic acid, can also activate the RXRs. The parent 4-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,6,9,9-tetramethylnaphtho[2,3-Z ]pyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid from which SRI 1365 is derived was first reported by the Shudo group [106]. 

In the treatment of diseases where the metaboUtes are not being deUvered to the system, synthetic metaboUtes or active analogues have been successfully adrninistered. Vitamin metaboUtes have been successfully used for treatment of milk fever ia catde, turkey leg weakness, plaque psoriasis, and osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy ia humans. Many of these clinical studies are outlined ia References 6, 16, 40, 51, and 141. The vitamin D receptor complex is a member of the gene superfamily of transcriptional activators, and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D is thus supportive of selective cell differentiation. In addition to mineral homeostasis mediated ia the iatestiae, kidney, and bone, the metaboUte acts on the immune system, P-ceUs of the pancreas (iasulin secretion), cerebellum, and hypothalamus. 

Goodrich, J.A., Tjian, R. TBP TAF complexes selectivity factors for eucaryotic transcription. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6 403-409, 1994. 

Lac repressor binds to both the major and minor grooves inducing a sharp bend in the DNA CAP-induced DNA bending could activate transcription Conclusion Selected readings... 

Sejnowski and Rosenberg used two different sets of words for training (1) 1024 words taken from phonetic transcriptions of informal continuous speech by children and (2) a subset of the 1000 most commonly used words selected from Miriam Webster s Pocket Dictionary. NETtalk was trained on a DEC VAX 11/780 minicomputer. 

Antisense therapy means the selective, sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression by single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. By hybridizing to the target mRNA, which results in a subsequent double-helix formation, gene expression is blocked. This process can occur at any point between the conclusion of transcription and initiation of translation or even possibly during translation. 

DNA response elements are generally found a short distance upstream of promoters in selected genes. They are specific for selective transcription factors and... 

RNA-editing is a posttranscriptional mechanism mediated by RNA editases, which results in a site-selective deamination of adenosine to inosine. This alters codons and splicing in nuclear transcripts and thereby alters the structure and function of proteins. 

In addition to those described above, some of the newest compounds emerging in SERM development are ER 3-selective ligands and pathway-selective modulators that target the interaction of the ERs with the transcription factor NFkB. While such compounds are in the early stages of clinical evaluation, thus far they demonstrate great potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and like other SERMs, cancer [4]. 

Since the SUMO pathway affects multiple pathways ranging from transcription, DNA repair, and intracellular trafficking over cell signaling and cell cycle control to basic metabolism, it is not suiprising that links to diseases and viral assaults are emerging. However, the field is not yet at a stage sufficiently developed for pharmacological intervention. Below we will describe selected examples for links of the SUMO pathway to diseases and viral functions. 

Kroes, R.A., Abravaya, K., Seidenfeld, J., Morimoto, R.l. (1991). Selective activation of human heat shock gene transcription by nitrosurea antitumor drugs mediated by isocyanate-induced damage and activation of heat shock transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88,4825-4829. 

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