Transactional certificates

In addition, a consignment must be accompanied by an EU Certificate for the Import of Products from Organic Production , sometimes called a transaction certificate. The original must accompany the shipment to the first consignee and be kept by the importer for two years. The inspection/certification body who verified the operation of the exporter issues the certificate. 

When owners wish to build a new source which will add a specific amount of a specific pollutant to an area that is innonattainment with respect to that pollutant, they must, under U.S. federal regulations, document a reduction of at least that amount of the pollutant from another source in the area. They can effect this reduction, or "offset," as it is called, in another plant they own in the area or can shut down that plant. However, if they do not own another such plant or do not wish to shut down or effect such reduction in a plant they own, they can seek the required reduction or offset from another owner. Thus, such offsets are marketable credits that can be bought, sold, traded, or stockpiled ("banked") as long as the state or local regulatory agency legitimizes, records, and certificates these transactions. The new source will still have to meet NSPS, BACT or MACT, and/or LAER standards, whichever are applicable. 

Applying for an account involves information-sharing activities between the Transaction Partner and the FDA to set up transmission, receipt, and identification parameters. This ensures the correct identification of the Transaction Partner to the FDA. Digital certificate information is provided to the FDA as part of the application. 

Test Account Setup and Approval. The account application is reviewed by the FDA ESG Administrator. The Administrator verifies that a letter of nonrepudiation agreement is on file, that the digital certificate conforms to the X.509 version 3 standard, and that all data fields in the Issuer and Subject fields are completed (see Appendix A, Digital Certificates for more information). The Administrator will also communicate with the Transaction Partner to confirm the application information. If these conditions are met, a test account is set up, and connections to the FDA ESG test system are established before the submitting organization is approved as a Transaction Partner. 

In countries that rely on high levels of imports such as the UK, or domestic transactions in the US where there are a high number of certifiers, both approaches require excessive levels of skilled labour for any individual certification office. This problem is accentuated by the existence and strength of private organic logos, which are particularly prevalent in Europe. 

Pseudoephedrine, phenylpropronolamine, and ephedrine were reclassified as Schedule Listed Chemicals. The act established a Federal per-transaction sales limit which was reduced to 3.6 g. All regulated drug products must be stored behind the counter or in a locked cabinet. A written log of purchases must be maintained. Monthly sales are restricted to no more than 9 g to a single purchaser, including Internet purchases, with submission of certification of compliance by retailers. 

Certification This method checks the supphers in the supply chain through third-party verification. Textile Exchange proposes two kinds of certificates that allow doing this transaction and scope certificates. ... 

The fastest to develop will apparently be labelling systems that will certify the entire product life cycle as well as take account of the social and ecological aspects of production, and those that ensure high integrity of labels across the product life cycle, for instance through transactional or scope certificates. 

Figure 3. Transaction-cost saving effects of certification schemes.

The primary considerations for the flavor industry are the use of any meat or meat byproduct in process flavors, gelatin in process flavors or coacervation processes, and the use of alcohol as a component on any basis in a flavoring are all prohibited. There are various organizations that oversee halal certification of foods. Unlike the kosher certification, halal certification is younger and thus less well organized. Two organizations that come up on a web search are IFANCA (The Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America, 5901 N. Cicero Avenue, Suite 309 Chicago, IL, 60646) and Halal Transactions, Inc., P.O. Box 4546, Omaha, NE, 68104). 

Documentation prepared for the Chinese customs by importers includes an invoice, a sales contract, a bill of lading, a shipping list, an insurance policy, an inspection certificate and a customs declaration form. For the import items that require a licence or a quota certificate, importers must apply to the Ministry of Foreign Trade. The Letter of Credit is a standard payment method used by Chinese importers for international transactions. The Bank of China has branches in major countries and can issue letters of credit for Chinese importers. The China Import and Export Bank finances foreign trade and has adopted international ISO standards. 

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